第3章语法知识要点英语试卷中虽然没有专门的传统语法测试题，但在其第一部分完形填空练习中，主要考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。题型分两类： 词汇题和语法题。为了解答这部分完形填空形式的语法题，需用复习考试涉及的语法知识考点。每一考点讲解之后，配有典型的语法试题解析，辅助考生有效复习这些语法点。第四章还有较多的完形练习题，考生需要掌握相当的词汇和必需的语法知识，才能把握好完形题。考试所涉及的语法考点：1 名词的数和格2 代词的数和格3 动词时态4 动词被动语态5 非谓语动词不定式、动名词、分词6 形容词和副词7 情态动词和虚拟语气8 各类从句定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等9 倒装句10 强调句、形式主宾语
3.1名词
常考主语单复数一致。一、 语法一致原则语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。一 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时此时谓语动词一般用单数形式； 主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如： His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.What he said is very important for us all.The children were in the classroom two hours ago.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.二 由连接词and或both ... and连接起来的合成主语此时要用复数形式的谓语动词。如： Lucy and Lily are twins.She and I are classmates.The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.Both she and he are Young Pioneers.三 主语为名词或代词此时即使跟有with,together with,except,but,like,as well as,rather than,more than,no less than,besides,including等引起的主语补语，若主语为单数，谓语动词仍用单数形式。若主语为复数，谓语就要用复数形式。如： Mr Green,together with his wife and children,has come to China.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She,like you and Tom,is very tall.either,neither,each,every或no单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如： Each of us has a new book.Everything around us is matter.注意： ①在口语中当either或neither后跟有of 复数名词或代词作主语时，其谓语动词用单数。如： Neither of the texts is interesting. ②若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数； 若它后面的名词是复数，谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如： None of the soap on display is made of chemicals.None of us have been to America.四 在定语从句中在定语从句中，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如： He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.五 集体名词作主语集体名词指的是整个集体时，谓语动词用单数； 指集体的全部成员时，其谓语动词就用复数。这些词有family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。如： Class Four is on the third floor.Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意： people,police,cattle等词的谓语一般都用作复数。如： The police are looking for the lost child.六 定冠词加形容词作主语the adj.后面接的谓语动词用复数，例如： The rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer.The privileged are given more rights to education and career opportunities.七 特殊结构many amany a名词单数虽然表示复数意义，但谓语动词仍用单数。例如： Many a man who in childhood was hostile to his father,in after life is always prejudiced against whatever opinions his father used to express.八 特殊短语的用法由a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,the majority of名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数 名词构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如： There are a lot of people in the classroom.The rest of the lecture is wonderful.50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of（许多）作定语修饰复数名词时，谓语用复数； the number of（的数量）的主语是number，谓语用单数。例如： A number of benefits are offered for the shopper by the Internet shopping.The number of people who attended the conference was smaller than we had expected.九 在倒装句中倒装句谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如： There comes the bus.On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result.Such are the facts.二、 逻辑意义一致原则逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致： 因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数； 有时形式为复数，但意义为单数。一 what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如： Which is your bag?Which are your bags?All is going well.All have gone to Beijing.二 表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如： Thirty minutes is enough for the work.三 书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： The Arabian Nights is an interesting storybook.四 以ics结尾的学科名词，如： mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等，都属于形式复数而实际意义为单数的名词，作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如： The paper works was built in 1990.I think physics isnt easy to study.五 trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但如果这些名词前有a the pair of等单数量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如： My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.注意： 类似的还有a heap of,a cluster of,a combination of做主语，谓语动词用单数。比较： My arm and those countless Buddhists were too much for her.而： The combination of my arm and those countless Buddhists was too much for her.三、 就近一致原则在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。一 当两个主语由either ... or,neither ... nor,whether ... or ...,not only ... but also...连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如： Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither they nor he is wholly right.Is neither he nor they wholly right?二 there be句型中be的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如： There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
四、 典型试题1. Neither he nor I for the plan.
A. wereB. isC. areD. am答案： D，就近原则2. My family as well as I glad to see you.A. wasB. isC. areD. am答案： B，主语是集合名词My family，当做整体看待3. Many a student going to take part in the GCT test this month.A. isB. is toC. areD. are to答案： A，many a名词特殊用法4. Three hours the limit of this examination.A. isB. wereC. areD. was答案： A，表示时间等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式
5. Making energy use completely harmless to the environment very difficult and usually economically expensive.A. isB. areC. have beenD. shall be答案： A，动名词短语做主语
3.2代词
代词： 熟悉人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。一、 人称代词
人称代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数
主格Iweyouyouhe,she,itthey宾格meusyouyouhim,her,itsthem
二、 物主代词一 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词my,your,his,her,our,their等，后面加名词。二 名词性物主代词名词性物主代词mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs等，后面不能加名词。例如May I borrow your pen?Mine is missing.
物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称
单数复数单数复数单数复数
形容词性物主代词myouryouryourhis,her,itstheir名词性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshis,hertheirs
三 反身代词通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。例如I myself took Mary to the airport.I cooked it myself.
反身代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数
myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves
四 指示代词指示代词，单数： this,that； 复数： these,those五 相互代词相互代词的用法： each other,one another1. 作宾语。如：Do you often see one another?你们彼此常见面吗?John and Tom helped each other.约翰和汤姆相互帮助。2. 作定语时须用所有格。如：We are interested in one anothers work.我们关心彼此的工作。The students corrected each others mistakes in their homework.学生相互改正了作业中的错误。六 不定代词不定代词： some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，no one，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything.一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别：1. all,each,every：① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物； all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体； each只能表示两个或两个以上的人中的一人，侧重个体；② all和every侧重整体，each侧重个体；例句： Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.Two girls came,and I gave an apple to each.2. everyone ＆ every oneeveryone等同于everybody，all people，指的是所有的人；例句： Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.every one既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用every one of；例句： Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a success.3. no one ＆ noneno one只能指人，none既可以指人也可以指物，none后面还可以接of。例句： No one failed the examination.None of the students failed the examination.七 复合不定代词由some，any，no，every加上body，one，thing构成的不定代词，叫做复合不定代词。复合不定代词由形容词修饰时，形容词须后置。如：There is nothing wrong with the lathe.这个车床没什么毛病。Is there anything important in todays newspaper?今天报纸上有什么重要消息吗?I need somebody strong to help me.我需要一位强壮的人帮助我。八 it的用法1. 指代人，通常用于口语中；2. 书面语：① it用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气，如： Its three years since I saw him.② it用来前指或者后指，如： Ive lost my book. Where is it？There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.
3.3动词时态
常考完成时现在、过去、将来； 将来时将来完成时； 过去时。请关注： 动词时态标记Tense marker一、 现在完成时havehas done sth一 现在完成时have done sth的标记Since 1999,for 10 years,up to now,till now,so far,these days,this summer,recently,induring the past several weeksmonthsyears例句： We havent seen each other again since we graduated in 1987. since 1987We havent seen each other again for 15 years.二 用于现在完成时的句型1. It is the firstsecond time...that...结构的从句部分，用现在完成时。例句： It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2. This is the...that...结构，that从句要用现在完成时。例句： This is the best film that Ive ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。This is the first time that Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题：Have you been to our town before?No,its the first time I here.A. even,comeB. even,have comeC. ever,comeD. ever,have come［答案］ D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。涉及形容词最高级的时候，例如，This is the largest fish I have ever seen.It iswas the first time that clause的句型中，从句都要用完成时。三 完成时与现在完成进行时比较完成时have done sth与现在完成进行时have been doing sth比较，后者表示始于过去的动作或状态一直延续到现在，这个动作或状态可能已经结束，可能仍在进行。例句： It has been raining for 3 weeks successively. successively连续地，表示动作是未间断、连续的四 完成时与一般过去时的区别完成时与一般过去时的区别，一般过去时和表示过去的短语搭配：I have been busy with my new job in Shanghai recently.I was busy with my job in Shanghai during the first two years after graduation from the university.例句： A： Your phone number again? I quite catch it.B： Its 69568442.
A. didntB. couldnt C. dont D. cant［答案］ A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。过去时与现在完成时的区别：1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作； 现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。例句： I came to Beijing in 1995.I have stayed in Beijing since 1995.2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时常用时间状语： yesterday,last week，...ago,in 1980,in October...具体时间3. 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know； 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。例句： He got married two years ago.
I have lived in Beijing for 10 years.二、 一般过去时的特殊句式一般过去时的特殊句式： used to do sthI used to love you.I used to have fun around without doing any house chores.He used to be a free man.比较： Beget used to sth doing sth习惯于I am used to doing house chores.I used to do house chores.三、 过去完成时had done sth例句： I had intended to explain,but time was up.He told me that he had been happier than before.比较： He tells me that he has been happier than hed ever been before.过去完成时had done sth的标记： by the end of last year,by the end of 2009.一般过去时和过去完成时的对比：1. 过去完成时： 过去的过去。例句： Before I came to Beijing,I had stayed in Shanghai.2. 一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过去时，发生在后的用过去完成时。例句： When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.3. 表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，却未能例句： We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didnt.四、 将来完成时will have done sth将来完成的标记： by the end of next month,by the end of 2020.例句： He plans that he will have finished the project by the end of 2020.He plans that he will finish the project.五、 过去将来完成时would have done sth过去将来完成时would have done sth的标记： by the end of 2000,by the end of last month。例句： He planned that he would have finished the project by the end of 2003.He said that he had finished the project by the end of 2003.六、 动词时态典型试题1. When we arrived at the airport,we were told our flight.
A. cancelledB. had cancelledC. has been cancelledD. had been cancelled［答案］ D。本句的时间是过去时，从句的When we arrived...和主句的we were told，而told后面的从句动作发生在这个过去时的过去，所以要用过去完成时B或D，由于cancel和flight的关系是被动的关系，所以正确答案是含有被动语态的选项D。2. It commonplace to think of sport as a leisure industry now.A. becameB. will becomeC. is becomingD. had become［答案］ C。语境中有个关键词now，由此可以判断出本句的时态是现在进行时。3. The last half of the nineteenth century the steady improvement in the means of travel.A. has witnessedB. was witnessedC. witnessedD. is witnessed［答案］ C。根据主语可判断出时态为过去时。
3.4动词被动语态
常考不定式还原、双宾语。一、 不能用于被动语态的词和词组： come true,consist of,take place,happen,become,break out...二、 主动语态表示被动意义的词： 动词sell,lock,wash,read,wear,blame,ride,write,rent 出租，常与well,quite,easily,badly连用。I was to blame for the accident.那件事我应该承担责任。The book sells well.这本书很畅销。The case locks easily.这个箱子很好锁。三、 表示感觉的动词： see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe和使役动词have,let,make等后面的宾语接不带to的不定式，变成被动语态后要还原出to来。如：John saw she play the tennis.She was seen to play the tennis.四、 典型考点一 将语态与主谓一致结合起来命题A library with five thousand books to the nation as a gift.
A. is offeredB. has offeredC. are offeredD. have offered［注释］ a library是offer的承受者，要用被动语态，排除B和D； 又因主语library是单数，排除C； 故选A。注意： with five thousand books是a library是定语。二 将语态与虚拟语气结合起来命题Dont you think it necessary that he to Miami but to New York? I agree,but the problem is he has refused to.A. will not be sent； thatB. not be sent； thatC. should not be sent； whatD. should not send； what［注释］ 因he与send是被动关系，排除D； 又因it is necessary后的that从句的谓语要用should 动词原形，排除选项A； 因答句中的表语从句不缺任何句子成分，用that； 选B。三 将语态与倒装结合起来命题Only after my friend came .A. did the computer repairedB. be repaired the computerC. was the computer repairedD. the computer was repaired［注释］ 因the computer与repair是被动关系，排除A； 又因only加状语置于句首，要用部分倒装，排除选项D和B； 故选C。四 将固定短语中的名词作主语来增加句子理解难度Good care must babies,particularly while they are ill.A. takeB. take ofC. be takenD. be taken of［注释］ 由固定短语take good care of好好照看可知，句中的good care与take是被动关系，排除A和B； 选项C中又漏掉了of； 故选D。五 在语境中将语态与时态结合起来命题1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuadeB. will persuadeC. be persuadedD. are persuaded答案： D，if后面用现在时表示条件2. The mayor says that all construction work for the Winter Olympics by 2022.A. has been completedB. has completedC. will have been completedD. will have completed答案： C，被动语态 将来完成时3. Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not,you may run over by a car.A. haveB. getC. becomeD. turn答案： B，get表示被动语态，相当于be
3.5非谓语动词
常考不定式、动名词、分词； 非谓语动词作宾语和宾语补足语。在各种测试中，非谓语动词在语法结构测试中的重点和难点主要表现在： 动词的句型、时态和语态的变化、结构及不定式作定语和状语等方面。一、 动名词动名词充当名词、代词，作句子的主语、宾语、表语； 经常性的、概念性的动名词包括被动形式主要用作主语、宾语以及某些动词及某些句型固定要求等。The suspect at last admitted stolen goods but denied them.A. to receive... to sellB. receiving...sellingC. to receiving... to sellingD. to have received... to have sold答案： B，admit和deny后面跟动名词作宾语二、 分词分词充当形容词或副词，作句子的定语、状语。现在分词有正在进行或主动的含义： swimming fish,a developing country过去分词有已经完成或被动的含义： boiled water,a developed country
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