本书以亲临现场的笔触描绘了西藏民俗的多个方面，体现了青藏高原民族的生活风情和审美情趣，展示了特有的高原风采，演绎出藏族历史文化的丰厚与变迁。In this book readers can catch glimpses of real life in China’s Tibet through folk customs in housing, cuisine and apparel; etiquette to follow from birth to death, wedding to funeral; the myriad festivals and recreational activities coming from different backgrounds, and the profound religious beliefs that lead to such folk customs.
內容簡介：
“人文西藏”丛书旨在通过新手法、新视角，点面结合，立体呈现，讲好中国西藏故事。全套丛书分为两辑：一是“西藏风情”系列：包括《雪域经轮——西藏宗教考释》《藏地风土——西藏民俗趣谈》《物华天宝——西藏艺术掠影》《高原华章——西藏文学撷英》《流年乾坤——西藏历史述略》，全方位描绘西藏风土人情和历史、文化风貌，向国内外读者展示西藏魅力和时代亮色；二是“西藏历史文化名人”系列：包括《松赞干布》《元朝首任帝师八思巴》《九世班禅传》《首席代表阿沛·阿旺晋美》，通过西藏历史人物形象侧面反映西藏社会的演进和转折，让历史人物走进新的历史方位。西藏民俗是西藏文化的重要组成部分。西藏民俗文化内容丰富，民俗形式多姿多彩，饮食、服饰、居住，茶醇酒香、色彩斑斓的西藏生活民俗；诞生礼、婚嫁、丧葬，西藏人生礼仪；民间信仰、苯教信仰、藏传佛教，神圣时空中的西藏信仰民俗；岁时年节、生产节日、宗教节日、娱乐节日，时光轮回中的西藏节日民俗；斗智斗勇、怡情益智的西藏游艺竞技，等等。The series “Tibet History and Culture” tells the stories about Tibet from a new perspective. It includes such books as A Brief History of Tibet, A Study of Tibetan Religions, Tibetan Folk Customs, Tibetan Literature, A Snapshot of Tibetan Arts, The Biography of Songtsen Gampo, Drogon Chogyal Phagpa： The First Imperial Preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty, The Ninth Panchen Lama： A Biography and Chief Tibetan Delegate Ngabo Ngawang Jigme.Folk customs are the cultural representation of the living conditions and way of life of a group of people. Tibetan Folk Customs gives a thorough and detailed account of the fascinating, often unique folk customs of the people who live on the snowy plateau.
關於作者：
陈立明，西藏民族大学教授，享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。长期从事西藏历史文化的教学和研究工作，十多次在西藏各地进行社会和文化考察，著有《西藏民俗文化》《走入喜马拉雅丛林——西藏门巴族、珞巴族文化之旅》等多部著作，发表相关论文六十余篇。Professor Chen Liming of Xizang Minzu University in the ancient city of Xianyang is a State Council Expert for Special Allowance. He has been teaching and researching Tibetan history and culture for many years, making special achievements in Himalayan cultures as well as the general history and culture of Tibet. He has published many academic books including Folk Culture in Tibet and A Walk in the Himalayan Forests： Cultural Journey of the Monba and Lhoba Peoples in Tibet, in addition to more than 60 theses.
目錄：
IntroductionTibetan Folk Customs： Splendid painting scroll rich with the snowy plateau’s unique featuresChapter I Mellow tea and fragrant wine amid bright colours — folk customs in daily life Cuisine Apparel Housing Chapter II Rituals for spirit and life — folk customs in a person’s life Rituals upon birth Customs behind names Marriage customs Funeral customs Chapter III Sacred time and space created in magnificent imaginations — religious beliefsFolk beliefs Bon religion Tibetan BuddhismChapter IV Festivals through four seasons bring a sea of happiness — festival customsSeasonal festivalsProduction festivalsReligious festivalsRecreational festivalsChapter V Combat of strength and skill to amuse and cultivate — contests and recreations Folk contests Folk recreations Bibliography前言With an average elevation above sea level of 4,000 metres and the world’s highest mountain, the Tibetan Plateau has been aptly named the Third Pole of the Earth. Over the course of thousands of years, the Tibetan people have created a splendid culture in this magical land.Folk customs form an important part of Tibetan culture, embedding and reflecting the unique features of the snowy plateau. The formation and development of Tibetan folk customs span a long time. Between 50,000 to 10,000 years ago, ancient humans left their traces on the Tibetan Plateau. What can be considered Tibetan folk customs began to take shape in the Neolithic Age, about 5,000 to 4,000 years ago. The discovery of the ruins of two primitive villages in Karub, Chamdo, and Qoigong, Lhasa, provided an outline of how ancient people lived in Tibet. We can catch glimpses of their material and spiritual lives through relics of food, housing, apparel and methods of transport.During the Tang Dynasty AD 618-907, Tibet was known as the Tubo regime. It was a period of cultural blossoming and folk customs developed in leaps and bounds. The basic norms of the region’s folk customs matured in the Tubo Era, and have continued to grow and influence generations until today.For more than 1,000 years after the Tubo Era, Tibetan folk customs flourished along with social growth and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups to become a significant element of Tibetan culture.Tibetan folk customs have a long history and striking features, with their own unique lineage.Geographical Features Geographical features are some of the most striking elements that set Tibetan folk customs apart from those of other areas.Tibet lies on the roof of the world. To its north are the Kunlun and Tanggula mountain ranges; at its centre lie the Gandise- Nyanchen Thanglha Mountains; the Himalayas border its south and the Hengduan Mountains lie on its eastern rim. These giants form the backbone of the plateau.The landscape of Tibet is naturally formed into several distinct parts. The northern plateau which includes the Ali Plateau lies between the Kunlun, Tanggula and the Gandise-Nyanchen Thanglha mountains. In the Tibetan language, this vast area is called Changtang meaning plateau in the north. Between the Gandise-Nyanchen Thanglha Mountains and the Himalayas is the valley of southern Tibet. The mighty Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries — the Lagazangbo, Nyangchu, Lhasa and Nyang Qu rivers — run through the valley. Further south is the Himalayan mountain area, which includes the southern and southeastern slopes of the Himalayas. Finally there’s the eastern valley area where the Nu, Lancang and Jinsha upper reaches of the Yangtze rivers cut deep ravines through the Hengduan Mountains.These unique geographical conditions helped shape Tibet’s distinctive folk customs. The vast northern plateau has an average elevation above sea level of more than 4,000 metres, which creates a frigid climate. The many lakes and crisscrossing rivers there form a paradise of wildlife and ideal pastures. For generations local people followed the best water and grass, creating a nomadic culture with clear regional features.The southern valley area sits at 2,700 to 3,700 metres above sea level. The deep, fertile soil is excellent for agriculture. Since the mythical era of “monkey turning into man”, humans have beencultivating fields there and creating a strong farming civilisation. The flat valleys in the middle ranges of the Yarlung Zangbo River were important sources of ancient Tibetan civilisation. It is said that the first inhabitants of Tibet settled there. The first farming field, the first house, and the first Tsampo ruler were all established in the Yarlung Valley.In eastern Tibet, the Nu, Lancang and Jinsha rivers cut through gorgeous mountains, where the climate differs according to the altitude. Clans of locals dwelt in houses built along the mountains, living from farming and herding.The southern and southeastern slopes of the Himalayas enjoy a temperate climate with ample rain. The dense, humid forests provide a home for diversified animal and plant species. This meant that local people lived by hunting and gathering as well as traditional primitive farming. Such differences in geography predetermined the varied ways people lived and produced food and built shelter. Tibetan folk customs differ from those outside the Tibetan Plateau because of these unique geographical features. Within Tibet, there are many smaller geographical subdivisions. As a Tibetan idiom goes, “Every lama has a sect, every area has a dialect”. The cultures of different areas have their own specific geographical features. Together they form the colourful kaleidoscope of Tibetan folk customs.Ethnic featuresTibetan folk customs have been created by all the ethnic groups in Tibet. While Tibetans mainly live on the snowy plateau, the Monbas, Lhobas, Dengs and Sherpas are scattered in the southern and southeastern slopes of the Himalayas. Sharing the Tibetan Plateau, these ethnic groups have each made contributions to Tibetan folk culture. From languages to weddings and funerals, religious festivals, as well as cuisine, apparel, housing and methods of transport, all aspects of Tibetan folk culture are rich with ethnic features. To a certain extent, such ethnic cultural features are also consistent with the geographical features.Although ethnic groups in Tibet live in relatively independent geographical units, they all belong to the Tibetan Plateau and communication between them can be traced deep back in history, forging close ties in politics, economy and culture. The folk customs created by all ethnic groups in Tibet together form a unified but also diverse culture of folk customs. Folk customs are the emblems of an ethnic group. Tibetan folk customs reflect and display the spirits of the region’s ethnic groups.Fusion featuresThe fusion of Tibetan folk customs included the embrace of outside cultures, exchanges among ethnic groups, and amalgamation of religious and secular aspects.Situated at the heart of Asia, Tibet has been a pivot of East, South and Central Asia. In terms of cultural distribution, Tibet is the point where cultures from East, South, Central and West Asia clashed and converged. Since ancient times, Tibet has been communicating with surrounding regions. As far back as the Neolithic Age, Tibet already had cultural exchanges with Central and South Asia. Tibetan civilisation was closely linked with the civilization along the Yellow River. During and after the Tubo Era, the exchanges in politics, economy and culture between Tibet and surrounding regions, especially the Central Plains to its east, continued to expand. Buddhism from India and Nepal, and Confucianism from the Central Plains both exerted significant influences on the development of Tibetan culture.Tibetan folk customs display strong features of the fusion of the secular and the religious, the sacred and the entertaining.Features of the timeFolk customs are creations of history. Any phenomenon of folk customs is the crystallization of an ethnic group’s cultural activities over thousands of years. While carrying on historical traditions, folk customs also grew and evolved as society changed, thereby displaying features from certain historical periods. In the history of Tibetan folk customs, Karub, Tubo and the feudal fiefdom cultures were all etched deep into the overall scene.As Tibet opens its arms wider to welcome the outside world and modernisation gathers momentum, the economy will develop while society undergoes fundamental reforms. Many changes are taking place in the methods of production, living, thinking and how people view culture. Such changes have affected all aspects of folk customs. From daily necessities to weddings and funerals, as well as festivals and games, they all reflect changes and progress of the time. In a society that is changing rapidly, Tibetan folk customs are displaying even more colourful features today.
內容試閱：
With an average elevation above sea level of 4,000 metres and the world’s highest mountain, the Tibetan Plateau has been aptly named the Third Pole of the Earth. Over the course of thousands of years, the Tibetan people have created a splendid culture in this magical land.Folk customs form an important part of Tibetan culture, embedding and reflecting the unique features of the snowy plateau. The formation and development of Tibetan folk customs span a long time. Between 50,000 to 10,000 years ago, ancient humans left their traces on the Tibetan Plateau. What can be considered Tibetan folk customs began to take shape in the Neolithic Age, about 5,000 to 4,000 years ago. The discovery of the ruins of two primitive villages in Karub, Chamdo, and Qoigong, Lhasa, provided an outline of how ancient people lived in Tibet. We can catch glimpses of their material and spiritual lives through relics of food, housing, apparel and methods of transport.During the Tang Dynasty AD 618-907, Tibet was known as the Tubo regime. It was a period of cultural blossoming and folk customs developed in leaps and bounds. The basic norms of the region’s folk customs matured in the Tubo Era, and have continued to grow and influence generations until today.For more than 1,000 years after the Tubo Era, Tibetan folk customs flourished along with social growth and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups to become a significant element of Tibetan culture.Tibetan folk customs have a long history and striking features, with their own unique lineage.Geographical Features Geographical features are some of the most striking elements that set Tibetan folk customs apart from those of other areas.Tibet lies on the roof of the world. To its north are the Kunlun and Tanggula mountain ranges; at its centre lie the Gandise- Nyanchen Thanglha Mountains; the Himalayas border its south and the Hengduan Mountains lie on its eastern rim. These giants form the backbone of the plateau.The landscape of Tibet is naturally formed into several distinct parts. The northern plateau which includes the Ali Plateau lies between the Kunlun, Tanggula and the Gandise-Nyanchen Thanglha mountains. In the Tibetan language, this vast area is called Changtang meaning plateau in the north. Between the Gandise-Nyanchen Thanglha Mountains and the Himalayas is the valley of southern Tibet. The mighty Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries — the Lagazangbo, Nyangchu, Lhasa and Nyang Qu rivers — run through the valley. Further south is the Himalayan mountain area, which includes the southern and southeastern slopes of the Himalayas. Finally there’s the eastern valley area where the Nu, Lancang and Jinsha upper reaches of the Yangtze rivers cut deep ravines through the Hengduan Mountains.These unique geographical conditions helped shape Tibet’s distinctive folk customs. The vast northern plateau has an average elevation above sea level of more than 4,000 metres, which creates a frigid climate. The many lakes and crisscrossing rivers there form a paradise of wildlife and ideal pastures. For generations local people followed the best water and grass, creating a nomadic culture with clear regional features.The southern valley area sits at 2,700 to 3,700 metres above sea level. The deep, fertile soil is excellent for agriculture. Since the mythical era of “monkey turning into man”, humans have beencultivating fields there and creating a strong farming civilisation. The flat valleys in the middle ranges of the Yarlung Zangbo River were important sources of ancient Tibetan civilisation. It is said that the first inhabitants of Tibet settled there. The first farming field, the first house, and the first Tsampo ruler were all established in the Yarlung Valley.In eastern Tibet, the Nu, Lancang and Jinsha rivers cut through gorgeous mountains, where the climate differs according to the altitude. Clans of locals dwelt in houses built along the mountains, living from farming and herding.The southern and southeastern slopes of the Himalayas enjoy a temperate climate with ample rain. The dense, humid forests provide a home for diversified animal and plant species. This meant that local people lived by hunting and gathering as well as traditional primitive farming. Such differences in geography predetermined the varied ways people lived and produced food and built shelter. Tibetan folk customs differ from those outside the Tibetan Plateau because of these unique geographical features. Within Tibet, there are many smaller geographical subdivisions. As a Tibetan idiom goes, “Every lama has a sect, every area has a dialect”. The cultures of different areas have their own specific geographical features. Together they form the colourful kaleidoscope of Tibetan folk customs.Ethnic featuresTibetan folk customs have been created by all the ethnic groups in Tibet. While Tibetans mainly live on the snowy plateau, the Monbas, Lhobas, Dengs and Sherpas are scattered in the southern and southeastern slopes of the Himalayas. Sharing the Tibetan Plateau, these ethnic groups have each made contributions to Tibetan folk culture. From languages to weddings and funerals, religious festivals, as well as cuisine, apparel, housing and methods of transport, all aspects of Tibetan folk culture are rich with ethnic features. To a certain extent, such ethnic cultural features are also consistent with the geographical features.Although ethnic groups in Tibet live in relatively independent geographical units, they all belong to the Tibetan Plateau and communication between them can be traced deep back in history, forging close ties in politics, economy and culture. The folk customs created by all ethnic groups in Tibet together form a unified but also diverse culture of folk customs. Folk customs are the emblems of an ethnic group. Tibetan folk customs reflect and display the spirits of the region’s ethnic groups.Fusion featuresThe fusion of Tibetan folk customs included the embrace of outside cultures, exchanges among ethnic groups, and amalgamation of religious and secular aspects.Situated at the heart of Asia, Tibet has been a pivot of East, South and Central Asia. In terms of cultural distribution, Tibet is the point where cultures from East, South, Central and West Asia clashed and converged. Since ancient times, Tibet has been communicating with surrounding regions. As far back as the Neolithic Age, Tibet already had cultural exchanges with Central and South Asia. Tibetan civilisation was closely linked with the civilization along the Yellow River. During and after the Tubo Era, the exchanges in politics, economy and culture between Tibet and surrounding regions, especially the Central Plains to its east, continued to expand. Buddhism from India and Nepal, and Confucianism from the Central Plains both exerted significant influences on the development of Tibetan culture.Tibetan folk customs display strong features of the fusion of the secular and the religious, the sacred and the entertaining.Features of the timeFolk customs are creations of history. Any phenomenon of folk customs is the crystallization of an ethnic group’s cultural activities over thousands of years. While carrying on historical traditions, folk customs also grew and evolved as society changed, thereby displaying features from certain historical periods. In the history of Tibetan folk customs, Karub, Tubo and the feudal fiefdom cultures were all etched deep into the overall scene.As Tibet opens its arms wider to welcome the outside world and modernisation gathers momentum, the economy will develop while society undergoes fundamental reforms. Many changes are taking place in the methods of production, living, thinking and how people view culture. Such changes have affected all aspects of folk customs. From daily necessities to weddings and funerals, as well as festivals and games, they all reflect changes and progress of the time. In a society that is changing rapidly, Tibetan folk customs are displaying even more colourful features today.
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