Chapter 1Introduction1
11The Scope of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics1
12System and Surroundings2
13The Chemical State and Fluid Properties2
14The First Law of Thermodynamics3
141The first law of thermodynamics for controlled mass system5
142The first law of thermodynamics for controlled volume system5
15The Second Law of Thermodynamics10
151The upper limit for the conversion of heat into work10
152Entropy13
153Mathematical statement of the second law14
Problems16Chapter 2Volumetric Properties of Fluids18
21pVT Behavior of Pure Substances18
22The Equations of State(EOS)of Fluid20
221The EOS of ideal gas21
222Virial equations of state21
23Cubic Equations of State24
231The van der Waals equation of state24
232The RedlichKwong(RK)equation of state26
233The SoaveRedlichKwong(SRK)equation of state29
234The PengRobinson(PR)equation of state30
235A generic cubic equation of state32
24Generalized Correlations of Gases32
241Theorem of corresponding states33
242Generalized cubic EOS33
243Twoparameter theorem of corresponding states35
244Threeparameter theorem of corresponding states37
245Generalized correlations of the second virial coefficient41
25Liquid & Liquidlike Roots of the Generic Cubic EOS43
26Generalized Correlations for Liquids45
Problems47Chapter 3Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids49
31Property Relations for Homogenous Phases49
32Calculations of Enthalpy and Entropy51
33Residual Properties52
34Residual Properties by EOS55
35Calculations of Liquid Enthalpy and Entropy57
36Generalized Property Correlations for Gases59
361Generalized compressibility factor Z for residual enthalpy and residual
entropy60
362Generalized second virial coefficient for residual enthalpy and residual
entropy61
37Thermodynamic Diagrams68
38Tables of Thermodynamic Properties69
39TS Diagrams69
391Heating and cooling processes at isopiestic pressure72
392Throttling expansion processes72
393Isentropic expansion or compression processes72
310pH Diagrams73
311HS Diagrams74
Problems75Chapter 4Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures77
41The Mixing Rules77
42The Calculations of Vm,mix and Zmix79
421Amagat’s law(part volume law)combined with Z graphs79
422EOS for a mixture of real gases80
43The Calculations of HR and SR86
431The calculations of HR and SR by EOS86
432The calculations of HR and SR by generalized correlation graphs88
Problems90Chapter 5Solution Thermodynamics92
51Property Relations for Open Systems and Chemical Potential93
52Partial Properties94
53Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient99
531Fugacity calculations for pure gases100
532Fugacity calculations for pure liquids105
533Fugacity calculations for species in solution106
534Application of Microsoft Excel in the thermodynamic property calculations112
54The Ideal Solution and Standard State117
55Excess Properties and Property Change in Mixing119
551Excess properties119
552Property change in mixing120
553Hx graph122
56Activity and Activity Coefficient124
561The Wohl type equations127
562The gamma equation based on local composition131
563The UNIQUAC and UNIFAC model133
Problems136Chapter 6Phase Equilibrium139
61The Criterion of Phases Equilibrium139
62VaporLiquid Equilibrium140
621VLE under low pressures142
622VLE under moderate pressures152
623VLE under high pressures165
63GasLiquid Equilibrium167
64LiquidLiquid Equilibrium169
641LLE phase diagrams170
642The stability of liquid solution171
643LLE calculations174
65VaporLiquidLiquid Equilibrium (VLLE)175
Problems178Chapter 7Thermodynamics of Flow Process181
71Conservation of Mass182
72Conservation of Energy183
73Entropy Balance186
731Concept of entropy186
732Entropy balance187
74Processes Analyzed by Thermodynamics Methods190
741Fluid flowing190
742Compression process195
743Expansion process203
744Throttling process205
Problems209Chapter 8Thermodynamics Cycle212
81CarnotCycle and Its Anticlockwise Cycle213
82RankineCycle & Steam Power Plant215
821Improving of the Carnot engine215
822Improving of the Rankine engine221
83Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle229
84Absorption Refrigeration231
85Heat Pump234
851A brief historical development of heat pumps235
852Vapor compression HP235
853Absorption heat pump238
Problems242Chapter 9Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes245
91Ideal Work245
911Nonflowing process245
912Steadystate flow process246
92Lost Work247
93Typical Problems248
931Tube flow248
932Heat transfer249
94 Energy Optimization250
Problems252Appendix255
Appendix AConversion Factors and Values of the Gas Constant255
Appendix BProperties of Pure Species256
Appendix CHeat Capacities and Property Changes of Formation258
Appendix DThe Lee/Kesler Generalized Correlation Tables263
Appendix ESteam Tables271
List of Symbols291
Selected Glossary in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics with Chinese Translation293
References299
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进入21 世纪,随着经济全球化和高等教育国际化的发展,高校教育必须按照国际合作、全球竞争的标准培养既具有宽厚扎实的基础知识和基本技能,又具有国际交流、合作与竞争能力的高素质复合型人才。教育要面向世界、面向未来,这是我国教育发展的必然要求。当代大学生要努力成为具有国际视野和竞争力的创新人才。这种需求决定了学生对外语学习的强烈需求,实用外语是他们走向国际舞台一显身手的重要工具。双语教学就在这种时代背景下应运而生。我国对高等学校的双语教学改革十分重视。在2001年4号文件中提出,“本科教育要创造条件,使用英语等外语进行公共课和专业课教学”。自2007 年,面向全国所有本科院校,每年建设100 门双语教学示范课程,旨在通过双语教学课程示范,推动双语教学改革,促进双语教学课程建设,提高高校双语教学水平。目前全国许多高校都开设了基础课、专业基础课与专业课不同层次的双语课,使双语教学在培养外向型高素质人才计划的实施中起到越来越重要的作用。然而,在双语教学中,教材建设却相对落后,阻碍了双语教学的快速推广。鉴于国内课程体系划分相对较细,国外原版教材在内容上并不是很适合,加之国外原版教材价格昂贵,购书经济负担较重,因而编写适合国情的实用英文教材是当前急待完成的任务。
化工热力学(Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics)是化学工程的重要分支和基础学科,化工热力学课程是化工类各专业的重要专业基础课。目前国内已有多所院校开设了化工热力学课程的中英文双语教学,所采用的教材多为化学工业出版社影印出版的JMSmith主编的《Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics》,该书阐述由浅入深,较适宜我国学生学习,但内容需要优化调整,以更好地适应国内双语教学的需求。
本书力求加强基础,面向实用,引导思维,启发创新,便于自学。教材内容选取适度,便于不同水平的学生学习。
全书共分九章。内容基于读者已学完物理化学课程的热力学基础进行组织,编排次序注重课程内容更好的衔接。第一章是绪论,介绍热力学的发展及热力学第一、第二定律;第二章阐述流体的pVT关系;第三章介绍纯组分热力学性质的计算;第四章是混合物热力学性质的计算;第五章为溶液热力学基础;第六章是流体相平衡,重点阐述了汽液平衡计算,对气液与液液平衡亦作了适当的介绍;第七章为流动过程热力学,介绍典型化工过程的流体输运、功能热转换与计算;第八章阐述流体的动力循环与制冷循环;第九章为化工过程的节能分析。前五章重点阐述化工热力学的基础理论,后四章着重体现了化工热力学理论与化工生产实践的结合。考虑到课程的学时限制,本教材略去了化学反应平衡内容,请读者见谅。
本教材主要作为化学工程与工艺专业本科生的双语教学之用,也可作为化学、化工等专业教师、研究生和从事相关工作的工程技术人员的参考资料。
本教材的第一、第五、第六章由于志家编写,第二、第三、第四章由李香琴编写,第七、第八、第九章由兰忠编写;全书由于志家统稿。
在教材编写过程中得到了大连理工大学张乃文副教授、陈嘉宾教授、张艳老师与研究生姜营营、姜睿、徐威、温荣福、郑毅、赵小航、于得旭、王松、程惠远及本科生丛阳、杨筱恬、周昊等在内容、例题、习题、文档处理等方面提供的诸多帮助,得到了大连理工大学教材出版基金资助,得到化工与环境生命学部张述伟副部长等有关领导的大力支持,在此深表谢意。
由于时间与水平有限,错误之处在所难免。衷心希望双语教学的各位同仁与读者给予批评指正。
编者
于大连理工大学
2014年1月