前 言
民居在普遍缺乏机械环境控制手段的条件下，积极利用被动
式技术，应对气候因素对室内微气候的影响和对材料结构的损害。
民居中所体现的建筑气候适应性得到研究者的广泛关注，但多数
研究偏重于物质形态层面，使用者在气候适应性中的主体作用没
有得到充分认识。本文基于渝东南民居田野调查和大量物理环境
测试工作，以及对民居气候适应性研究的梳理，对民居气候适应
性的含义、特征与研究内容进行了初步厘清。并基于生物气候设
计理论、宅形理论和热适应理论构建了多学科视角的民居气候适
应性研究方法，强调了民居气候适应性的研究内容既包括基于物
质空间的气候应答，也包括基于使用主体的气候应答。
本书利用该研究方法对渝东南地区民居进行了实证研究，分别
对传统民居和现代民居的气候适应性进行了综合评价，同时也厘
清了传统认识上对聚落形态、天井等气候作用的误区。在气候条
件上，相较于其他典型夏热冬冷地区，该地区具有夏季相对凉爽、
冬季寒冷且缺乏日照的特殊性。在气候适应的目标上，相较于生
存性需求，舒适性需求具有较大弹性；渝东南民居并不是对舒适
范围的精确满足，而是营造可接受的室内环境。在使用主体的气
候应答方面，渝东南居民在建筑空间使用方式、生活节律的调整、
采暖降温方式等方面体现出丰富而有效的气候适应手段。与之相
应，在物质空间的气候应答方面，该地区的民居形式具有开放性
特征，通过营造多样化的建筑空间及室内物理环境，最大化地支
持居住者的生活模式和行为调节作用，但冬季室内热舒适和室内
空气质量亟待改善。
在此基础上，本研究提出了适用于类似气候区的民居气候适应
性设计原则及策略。渝东南地区建筑气候策略的制定应遵循兼
顾冬夏、适度舒适、局部间歇式采暖三个原则，并结合空间使
用方式分时分区地进行设计。具体策略包括：保持建筑开放性特征，
mjqh wq.indd 9 2019-10-23 08：27：28
X 民居气候适应性研究
利用多样化的空间解决冬夏矛盾；室内提供适当的背景温度，提高
个人或局部空间舒适度；制定适应生活的采暖模式，寻找恰当的室
内热源。最后提出间歇式采暖火墙在该地区的可行性，并搭建实
验房进行测试。测试证明，在不增加炊事耗柴量的前提下，设置
火墙能有效提高冬季室内舒适度。
mjqh wq.indd 10 2019-10-23 08：27：28
Foreword
Despite the lack of mechanical environmental control methods,
vernacular architectures has well-responded to the climate factors
to achieve an acceptable indoor environment mainly by passive
technologies as well as to prevent the damage of building structures and
materials. The climate responsiveness of vernacular architecture has
drawn researchers attention. But most studies put emphasis on physical
environment, while the main role of users in climate responsiveness
is not well understood. Based on long-term field surveys and on-site
monitoring of vernacular architectures in Southeast Chongqing, as
well as a comprehensive literature review， this paper first explains the
basic concept and characteristics related to climate responsiveness. And
based on theories of bioclimatic architecture, house form and thermal
adaptation, this paper proposes a multidisciplinary research approach of
the climate responsiveness study of vernacular architecture. It stresses
that the study should involve both the climate responsiveness of the
physical space and of the users.
Secondly, this paper conducts empirical studies on vernacular
architectures in Southeast Chongqing, by using the aforementioned
research method, and makes comprehensive evaluations on the climate
responsiveness of both traditional and modern dwellings. Meanwhile it
also clarifies some ambiguity and misunderstanding of the traditional
understanding in the study. On climatic conditions, this area has the
characteristic of vertical climate in high altitude mountain, so the winter
is much colder. On climate responsiveness objectives, the comfort
requirements are more flexible compared to survival needs. And
vernacular architecture aimed to provide acceptable internal conditions
instead of perfect comfort. On the lifestyle, the freedom of rural
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XII 民居气候适应性研究
social life allows adjustment of rest rules conforming to the seasonal
changes. And with this, the form of the architecture has characteristic
of openness by providing a variety of building spaces and physical
environment to offer maximize support for the lifestyle and behavior
adjustment of residents and to effectively respond to cyclic changes of
climate in outdoor. However, the indoor thermal environment in winter
and the indoor air quality need to be improved.
Based on this, it proposes the design principles of climate
responsiveness of vernacular architecture under similar climate
conditions： architecture design should follow the principles of seasonal
balance, relatively comfort and intermittent-spot heating. Meanwhile
indoor thermal environment should be evaluated and designed
combining with occupancy schedule and space zoning. Specific climate
strategies include： maintain the openness of architecture and providing
a building space with a variety of thermal performance; providing
acceptable background temperature and achieving appropriate comfort
by personal comfort systems; seeking for indoor heat source and
conforming to life-style.
Finally, this study proposes the feasibility of intermittent heatedwall
system in this region, and sets up the experiment room to test. The
test has shown that without increasing the consumption of firewood for
cooking, the heated-wall system can improve indoor thermal comfort
effectively, and the effect is more significant in a mode of continuous
cooking.
mjqh wq.indd 12 2019-10-23 08：27：28
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