王勇，江苏大学食品与生物工程学院，副教授，王勇，江苏大学食品与生物工程学院，副教授。1985年毕业于复旦大学生物系，获理学学士学位；2003年毕业于江苏大学生命科学研究院，获工学博士学位。1985-1997年就职于中国农业科学院蚕业研究所（镇江），1994-1996年主持完成了国家自然科学基金“人工合成抗菌肽基因导入桑树的研究”课题；1997-2001年就职于中美合作上海实宏纸业有限公司；2001年以后在江苏大学任教，讲授硕士研究生《分子生物学》双语课程，本科《分子生物学》双语课程，本科《生物信息学》双语课程。2006年与美国学者Sylvain W. Lapan先生合作完成《英汉对照分子生物学导论》讲义稿，用于2006~2007年本科教学总结、完善后，于2008年送交化学工业出版社正式出版。 所获奖项：江苏大学2015年度本科教学先进个人、“分子生物学双语课程建设与实践”获江苏大学高等教育教学成果一等奖（2009年）、“分子生物学双语教学实践与探索”获全国首届生物化学与分子生物学教学研讨会论文三等奖（2007年）。
目錄：
Introduction Chapter 1Amino Acids to Proteins 1.1Protein Composition 1.2Protein Conformations 1.2.1Describing Protein Structure 1.2.2Chemical and Physical Basis for Protein Folding 1.3Protein Structure and Function：A Few Examples 1.4The Dynamics of Proteins 1.5Experiments Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 2Nucleic Acids 2.1Properties of a Genetic Material 2.2Nucleic Acids and DNA structure 2.2.1Nucleotides 2.2.2General Structure of Nucleic Acids 2.2.3Structure of DNA 2.3DNA as the Genetic Material 2.4DNA in the Cell 2.5RNA Ribonucleic Acid 2.6Experiments Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 3Transcription in Prokaryotes：Mechanism and Regulation 3.1Why Use an RNA Intermediate 3.2Mechanism of Transcription 3.2.1Promoters 3.2.2RNA Polymerase 3.2.3Transcription Mechanism in Three Phases 3.3Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 3.3.1Coordinate Regulation 3.3.2The Lac Operon 3.3.3The Trp Operon 3.3.4Ara and Gal Operons 3.4Experiments Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 4Transcription in Eukaryotes：Mechanism and Regulation 4.1Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases 4.2Eukaryotic Promoters 4.3General Transcription Factors and Initiation 4.3.1TFⅡD 4.3.2Other TFⅡs 4.3.3General Transcription Factors for RNA Polymerase Ⅰand Ⅲ 4.4Specific Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulation 4.4.1Activators 4.4.2Repressors 4.4.3Enhancers and Silencers 4.5Structures of Specific Transcription Factors 4.5.1DNA-Binding Motifs in Prokaryotes 4.5.2DNA-Binding Motifs in Eukaryotes 4.6Experiments 4.6.1RNA Polymerase Targets 4.6.2Modularity of Specific Transcription Factors Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 5mRNA Modifications in Eukaryotes 5.1Capping 5.2Polyadenylation 5.3Splicing 5.3.1The Basic Splicing Reaction 5.3.2Proteins Involved in Splicing 5.3.3Self-Splicing 5.3.4Trans-Splicing 5.3.5Reasons for Introns 5.4mRNA Editing 5.5Experiments Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 6Translation 6.1The Genetic Code 6.2Mechanism of Translation in Prokaryotes 6.2.1Initiation 6.2.2Elongation 6.2.3Termination 6.3Translation in Eukaryotes 6.4tRNA Structure and Wobble 6.4.1Anti-codons 6.4.2Wobble 6.5Experiments 6.5.1Deciphering the Genetic Code 6.5.2Direction of Translation Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 7Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 7.1Histones and Transcriptional Regulation 7.1.1Histones and DNA Organization 7.1.2Histones and Transcription 7.1.3Covalent Modification of Histones 7.1.4Proteins that Recognize and Modify Histones 7.2Post-Transcriptional Regulation 7.3Nuclear Export 7.4RNA Stability 7.4.1mRNA Stability Regulation by Proteins 7.4.2mRNA Stability Regulation by Small RNAs 7.5Translational Control 7.5.1Global Control 7.5.2mRNA-Specific Control 7.6mRNA Localization 7.7Protein Regulation 7.8Experiments 7.8.1Beads-on-a-string Structure 7.8.2Repression of Gene Expression in Heterochromatin Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 8DNA Replication 8.1Semi-Conservative Replication 8.2Initiation of Replication 8.3Semi-Discontinuous Replication 8.4Elongation of Replication and its Proteins 8.4.1Helicase and SSBs 8.4.2DNA Polymerases 8.4.3Explanation for 3′→5′Synthesis 8.4.4Primers 8.5DNA Topology 8.6DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 8.6.1Initiation of DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 8.6.2Telomeres 8.7Experiments Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 9Mutations and Mutation Repair 9.1DNA Damage and Mutations 9.2Point Mutations 9.2.1Mismatched Base 9.2.2Spontaneous Mutations 9.2.3Induced Mutations 9.3Insertions and Deletions 9.3.1Strand Slippage 9.3.2Transposons 9.3.3Intercalating Agents 9.4Large-Scale DNA Changes 9.5Consequences of DNA Mutations 9.5.1Consequences of Point Mutations 9.5.2Consequences of Insertions and Deletions 9.5.3Consequences of Translocations 9.5.4Mutation Hot Spots 9.6Mutation Repair 9.6.1Direct Reversal 9.6.2Mismatch Repair 9.6.3Nucleotide Excision Repair 9.6.4Base Excision Repair 9.6.5Double-Stranded Break Repair 9.7Experiments 9.7.1Nucleotide Excision Repair and Human Disease 9.7.2The Ames Test Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Chapter 10Recombination 10.1Homologous Recombination 10.1.1Mechanism for Crossing-Over 10.1.2Mechanism for Double-Stranded Break Repair 10.1.3The RecBCD Pathway 10.1.4Gene Conversion 10.2Non-homologous Recombination 10.2.1Transposons 10.2.2Retrotransposons 10.2.3Bacteriophage λ Integration Summary Vocabulary Review Questions Exploration Questions Answers to Review Questions IndexChinese IndexEnglish 绪论 第1章从氨基酸到蛋白质 1.1蛋白质的组成 1.2蛋白质的构象 1.2.1描述蛋白质的结构 1.2.2蛋白质折叠的化学和物理基础 1.3蛋白质的结构与功能：几个例子 1.4蛋白质动力学 1.5实验研究 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第2章核酸 2.1遗传物质的性质 2.2核酸与DNA结构 2.2.1核苷酸 2.2.2核酸的一般结构 2.2.3DNA的结构 2.3DNA作为遗传物质 2.4细胞中的DNA 2.5RNA（核糖核酸） 2.6实验研究 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第3章原核生物转录：机理与调控 3.1为什么使用RNA作为中间物 3.2转录机理 3.2.1启动子 3.2.2RNA聚合酶 3.2.3转录机理的三个阶段 3.3原核生物基因表达调控 3.3.1协同调控 3.3.2乳糖操纵子 3.3.3色氨酸操纵子 3.3.4阿拉伯糖与半乳糖操纵子 3.4实验研究 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第4章真核生物转录：机理与调控 4.1真核生物RNA聚合酶 4.2真核生物启动子 4.3通用转录因子与转录起始 4.3.1TFⅡD 4.3.2其他TFⅡs 4.3.3RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅲ的通用转录因子 4.4特异转录因子与转录调控 4.4.1激活蛋白 4.4.2阻遏蛋白 4.4.3增强子和沉默子 4.5特异转录因子的结构 4.5.1原核生物DNA结合基序 4.5.2真核生物DNA结合基序 4.6实验研究 4.6.1RNA聚合酶的目标 4.6.2特异转录因子的模块化Summary 词汇 习题 思考题 第5章真核生物mRNA的修饰 5.1加帽 5.2聚腺苷酸化 5.3剪接 5.3.1基本的剪接反应 5.3.2在剪接中发挥作用的蛋白质 5.3.3自我剪接 5.3.4反式剪接 5.3.5内含子存在的原因 5.4mRNA编辑 5.5实验研究 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第6章翻译 6.1遗传密码 6.2原核生物翻译机理 6.2.1起始 6.2.2延伸 6.2.3终止 6.3真核生物翻译 6.4tRNA结构与摇摆 6.4.1反密码子 6.4.2摇摆 6.5实验研究 6.5.1破译遗传密码 6.5.2翻译的方向 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第7章真核生物基因表达调控 7.1组蛋白与转录调控 7.1.1组蛋白与DNA组织 7.1.2组蛋白与转录 7.1.3组蛋白的共价修饰 7.1.4识别和修饰组蛋白的蛋白质 7.2转录后调控 7.3细胞核输出 7.4RNA稳定性 7.4.1蛋白质调控mRNA稳定性 7.4.2小RNA调控mRNA稳定性 7.5翻译调控 7.5.1全局控制 7.5.2mRNA特异性控制 7.6mRNA定位 7.7蛋白质调控 7.8实验研究 7.8.1线珠结构 7.8.2异染色质中基因表达的阻遏 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第8章DNA复制 8.1半保留复制 8.2复制的起始 8.3半不连续复制 8.4复制延伸及其相关蛋白 8.4.1解旋酶与SSB 8.4.2DNA聚合酶 8.4.3关于3′→5′合成 8.4.4引物 8.5DNA拓扑学 8.6真核生物DNA复制 8.6.1真核生物DNA复制起始 8.6.2端粒 8.7实验研究 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第9章突变与突变修复 9.1DNA损伤与突变 9.2点突变 9.2.1错配的碱基 9.2.2自发突变 9.2.3诱发突变 9.3插入和缺失 9.3.1链滑动 9.3.2转座子 9.3.3嵌入剂 9.4大规模DNA变化 9.5DNA突变的后果 9.5.1点突变的后果 9.5.2插入和缺失的后果 9.5.3易位的后果 9.5.4突变热点 9.6突变修复 9.6.1直接回复 9.6.2错配修复 9.6.3核苷酸切除修复 9.6.4碱基切除修复 9.6.5双链断裂修复 9.7实验研究 9.7.1核苷酸切除修复与人类疾病 9.7.2埃姆斯测验法 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 第10章重组 10.1同源重组 10.1.1交换机理 10.1.2双链断裂修复机理 10.1.3RecBCD途径 10.1.4基因转换 10.2非同源重组 10.2.1转座子 10.2.2反转录转座子 10.2.3λ噬菌体的整合 小结 词汇 习题 思考题 习题答案 中文索引 英文索引 参考文献
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Foreword Dear Readers, With this new edition of An Introduction to Molecular Biology with Chinese Translation we continue our mission that has captivated and motivated us from the beginning.Firstly, to convey fundamental concepts of how genetic information is replicated, expressed and modified.Secondly, to assist Chinese readers in learning words and phrases in the English language used to describe these processes.We have been honored by the positive feedback of students over the past decade, and used these comments to maintain and improve the qualities of this book that students value the most： the native English main text, accurate translation, clear figures and audio files narrated in American English. The past decade has witnessed remarkable advancements in biotechnology — the reduction in cost of DNA sequencing and synthesis, the application of genome engineering techniques such as CRISPR, the use of transposases for generating DNA libraries and profiling chromatin, to name just a few.In each case, these advances would not have been made if not for basic research into genome structure, stability, and expression.We have an enormous amount still to gain from the basic study of molecular biology in a variety of organisms, as well as the innovative application of discoveries to solve challenges in biotechnology.It is our sincere hope that this new edition will advance the goal of introducing Chinese and English-speaking students to this exciting field and fostering global collaboration. Best wishes, The Authors Jan 2018 前言 亲爱的读者： 在新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》中，我们继续努力达成促使与激励我们编写本书的初衷——首先，讲述遗传信息是如何进行复制、表达和改变的基本概念；其次，帮助中国读者学习描述这些生命过程的英语词汇与短语。我们很荣幸在过去十年里收到不少学生对本书的积极反馈，这些反馈表明了学生最关心本书的以下品质：地道的英语课文，准确的中文翻译，清晰的图解以及美式英语音频文件。在新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》中，这些品质都得到了维护与提升。 过去十年里生物技术领域取得了令人瞩目的成就——DNA测序与合成成本显著降低、CRISPR等基因编辑技术的应用、使用转座酶生成DNA文库及分析染色质等等，不胜枚举。具体到某一方面，所有成就的取得都是建立在对基因组结构与稳定性以及基因表达特性的基础研究之上的。现今，分子生物学基础研究仍有待在许多不同生物中展开，生物技术领域所面临的挑战也需要创造性地应用分子生物学基础研究成果来应对。我们诚挚希望新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》能有助于引导中国学生与英语国家学生进入这一令人兴奋的领域并培养全球合作精神。 致以良好祝愿！ 作者 2018年1月 Foreword to the First Edition One of the wonderful things about molecular biology is that the field depends on constant communication.Important questions can only be answered through the collaboration of researchers from all over the world, who each contribute their piece of the puzzle and build on each others work.But this lively interaction also poses challenges, particularly the problem of language.How can scientists collaborate if they speak and publish in different languages? As it happens, the language of molecular biology is now English.The vast majority of published research is in English, as are most international conferences.The language has become so central because a large number of scientists and research centers that have made important contributions to molecular biology were, and still are, based in England and the United States.The predominance of one language is not necessarily fair, but it is a reality that most professionals working in the field must face. For Chinese students, learning biology in English can be very exciting, but also quite challenging.Chinese and English are very different languages, with completely different phonetics and writing systems.On top of this, biology textbooks and articles in English are e
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