新疆是中国神圣领土不可分割的一部分。然而，一段时间以来，中国新疆地区深受民族分裂势力、宗教*势力、暴力恐怖势力的叠加影响，恐怖袭击事件频繁发生，对各族人民生命财产安全造成极大危害，严重践踏了人类尊严。西方一些人则极力炒作新疆问题，对中国进行抹黑、施压，妄图以此增加对华博弈的筹码。《国务院新闻办公室涉疆白皮书汇编》汇集了国务院新闻办公室自2003年以来发表的涉疆白皮书，包括《新疆的历史与发展》《新疆的发展与进步》《新疆生产建设兵团的历史与发展》《新疆各民族平等团结发展的历史见证》《新疆的宗教信仰自由状况》《新疆人权事业的发展进步》《新疆的文化保护与发展》《新疆的反恐、去*化斗争与人权保障》《新疆的若干历史问题》《新疆的职业技能教育培训工作》10本白皮书，系统地介绍了新疆的历史、宗教、文化和民族等发展情况，体现了新中国成立以来新疆各方面取得的发展进步。
本书对于国内外人士了解新疆发展及人权进步具有重要意义，既是对国际社会对新疆事务关切的回应，也是对境外敌对势力蓄意歪曲历史、混淆是非的有利反击。
Xinjiang has long been an inseparable part of Chinese territory. However, for some time China s Xinjiang, under the combined influence of separatists, religious extremists and terrorists, has seen frequent incidents of terrorist attacks, which have been detrimental to the life and property of people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and have trampled on peoples dignity. Some people in the West try their best to hype up the Xinjiang issue and smear and put pressure on China, in an attempt to increase their chips in the game against China. Collecting ten White Papers on Xinjiang since 2003 by the State Council Information Office, the White Papers of the State Council Information Office on Xinjiang 2003-2019 systematacially introduce the development about Xinjiang in history, religion, culture and race. It reflects Xinjiangs progress since the founding of the People''s Republic of China in 1949.
The book is of great significance for people at home and abroad to understand Xinjiangs development and human rights progress. It is not only a response to the concerns of the international community on Xinjiang affairs, but also a powerful counterattack to hostile forces abroad who deliberately distort history and facts.
History and Development of Xinjiang May 2003 ........................................................ 1
Development and Progress in Xinjiang September 2009 ........................................... 39
The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and
Construction Corps October 2014 ............................................................................. 75
Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development in Xinjiang
September 2015 ......................................................................................................... 88
Freedom of Religious Belief in Xinjiang June 2016 ................................................ 127
Human Rights in Xinjiang Development and Progress June 2017 ...................... 141
Cultural Protection and Development in Xinjiang November 2018 .......................... 161
The Fight Against Terrorism and Extremism and Human Rights
Protection in Xinjiang March 2019 .......................................................................... 177
Historical Matters Concerning Xinjiang July 2019 .................................................. 200
Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang August 2019 ................................... 217
免费在线读History and Development of Xinjiang
May 2003
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region also called Xinjiang for short, situated in the border area of northwest China and the hinterland of the Eurasian Continent, occupies an area of 1.6649 million sq km, accounting for one sixth of Chinese territory. It has a land border of 5,600 km bounded by eight countries. It was an important section of the ancient Silk Road. According to statistics, in the year 2000 Xinjiang had a population of 19.25 million, including 10.9696 million people of other ethnic groups than the Han, Chinas majority ethnic group. There are 47 ethnic groups in Xinjiang, mainly the Uygur, Han, Kazak, Hui, Mongolian, Kirgiz, Xibe, Tajik, Ozbek, Manchu, Daur, Tatar and Russian. It is one of Chinas five autonomous regions for ethnic minorities.
Since ancient times, Xinjiang has been inhabited by many ethnic groups believing in a number of religions. Since the Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-24 A.D., it has been an inseparable part of the unitary multi-ethnic Chinese nation. In the more than 50 years since the Peoples Republic of China was founded, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, with concerted and pioneering efforts, have jointly written brilliant pages in the annals of its development, construction and frontier defense, causing earth-shaking changes in the social outlook of the region.
I. Xinjiang Has Been a Multi-ethnic Region Since Ancient Times
In ancient history, many tribes and ethnic groups lived in Xinjiang. The ethnic origins of the residents of Xinjiang began to be clearly recorded in the Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-220 A.D., the main ones being the Sai Sak, Rouzhi or Yueh-chih, Wusun Usun, Qiang, Xiongnu Hun and Han.
The Sai as a nomadic tribe used to roam about the area from the Ili and Chuhe river basins in the east to the Sir Syrdarya River valley in the west. Under pressure from the Rouzhi, they moved westward some to the north bank of the Sir River, while others southward to scatter in the areas of the Pamirs.History and Development of Xinjiang
The State Council Information Office of the Peoples Republic of China
May 2003
Foreword
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region also called Xinjiang for short, situated in the border area of northwest China and the hinterland of the Eurasian Continent, occupies an area of 1.6649 million sq km, accounting for one sixth of Chinese territory. It has a land border of 5,600 km bounded by eight countries. It was an important section of the ancient Silk Road. According to statistics, in the year 2000 Xinjiang had a population of 19.25 million, including 10.9696 million people of other ethnic groups than the Han, Chinas majority ethnic group. There are 47 ethnic groups in Xinjiang, mainly the Uygur, Han, Kazak, Hui, Mongolian, Kirgiz, Xibe, Tajik, Ozbek, Manchu, Daur, Tatar and Russian. It is one of Chinas five autonomous regions for ethnic minorities.
Since ancient times, Xinjiang has been inhabited by many ethnic groups believing in a number of religions. Since the Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-24 A.D., it has been an inseparable part of the unitary multi-ethnic Chinese nation. In the more than 50 years since the Peoples Republic of China was founded, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, with concerted and pioneering efforts, have jointly written brilliant pages in the annals of its development, construction and frontier defense, causing earth-shaking changes in the social outlook of the region.
I. Xinjiang Has Been a Multi-ethnic Region Since Ancient Times
In ancient history, many tribes and ethnic groups lived in Xinjiang. The ethnic origins of the residents of Xinjiang began to be clearly recorded in the Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-220 A.D., the main ones being the Sai Sak, Rouzhi or Yueh-chih, Wusun Usun, Qiang, Xiongnu Hun and Han.
The Sai as a nomadic tribe used to roam about the area from the Ili and Chuhe river basins in the east to the Sir Syrdarya River valley in the west. Under pressure from the Rouzhi, they moved westward some to the north bank of the Sir River, while others southward to scatter in the areas of the Pamirs.
The Rouzhi roamed the vast region between the Gansu Corridor and the Tarim Basin during the Warring States Period 475 B.C.-221 B.C. and flourished during the Qin 221B.C.-206 B.C. and Han dynasties. Attacked by the Xiongnu around 176 B.C., they were forced to move to the Ili River basin, from which they dislodged the Sai.
The Wusun first lived in the Gansu Corridor. In the late Qin and early Han period, attacked by the Rouzhi they yielded their allegiance to the Xiongnu. Supported by the Xiongnu, the Wusun attacked the Rouzhi, and drove them out of the Ili River basin.
The Qiang originally lived along the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. During the Spring and Autumn 770 B.C.-476 B.C. and Warring States periods, some of the Qiang migrated westward across the Gansu Corridor and the Qilian-Kunlun mountain ranges, leaving their footprints in Xinjiang.
The Xiongnu entered Xinjiang mainly around 176 B.C. The Han was one of the earliest peoples to settle in Xinjiang.
In 101 B.C., the Han empire began to station garrison troops to open up wasteland for cultivation of farm crops in Luntai Bgr, Quli and some other places. Later, it sent troops to all other parts of Xinjiang for the same purpose. All the garrison reclamation points became the early settlements of the Han people after they entered Xinjiang. Since the Western Regions Frontier Command was established in 60 B.C., the inflow of the Han people to Xinjiang, including officials, soldiers and merchants, had never stopped.
The period of the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties 220 A.D.-589 A.D. was a period of the large-scale merging of ethnic groups in China, witnessing frequent ethnic migration across the land of China, and the entry into Xinjiang by many ancient ethnic groups, such as the Rouran Jorjan, Gaoche, Yeda and Tuyuhun.
The Rouran were descendants of the Donghu, an ancient people rising on the northern grasslands in the early fifth century. After establishing a powerful regime on the Mongolian grasslands in 402 A.D., they struggled with the Northern Wei 386-534 for domination of the Western Regions. The nomadic Gaoche, also called the Tolos or Teli, first appeared around Lake Baikal and the basins of the Orkhon and Tura rivers. In 487, Avochilo, chief of the Puwurgur tribe of the Gaoche, and his brother Qunqi led more than 100,000 families to migrate westward, and founded the state of Gaoche to the northwest of Anterior Cheshi the ancient city of Jiaohe near modern Turpan. The Yeda, rising in the region north of the Great Wall, moved eastward to the Tarim Basin, attacked the Rouzhi in the south and set up a state in the late fifth century. They crossed the Pamirs, and once controlled part of southern Xinjiang.
The Tuyuhun, originating from the ancient Xianbei people, moved westward from Liaodong the region east of the Liaohe River in northeast China in the early fourth century, and set up their own regime after conquering the ancient Di and Qiang peoples in the region of southern Gansu, Sichuan and Qinghai.
In the Sui 581-618 and Tang 618-907 dynasties, the ancient Turk and Tubo peoples exerted important influences on the course of Xinjiangs history.
The Turks were ancient nomads active on the northwestern and northern grasslands of China from the sixth to the eighth centuries. Tmaen, a Turki leader, defeated the Rouran in 552, and set up a state centered in Mobei the area north of the vast deserts on the Mongolian Plateau. The Turki realm later split into the eastern and western sides which fought ceaselessly in their scramble for the khanate. In the middle of the eighth century, both the Eastern and Western Turki khanates disappeared, their descendants being assimilated by other ethnic groups.
The Tubo were the ancestors of the Tibetans, rising to notice on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the late sixth century. After occupying Qinghai, they began to vie with the Tang Dynasty for control of the Western Regions. In 755, An Lushan and Shi Siming raised a rebellion in the Central Plains, and Tang troops stationed in the Western Regions were withdrawn to battle the rebels, whereupon the Tubo took the opportunity to occupy southern Xinjiang and part of northern Xinjiang.
In 840, large numbers of Uighurs an ancient name for modern Uygurs entered Xinjiang. The Uighur, originally called Ouigour, sprang from the ancient tribe Teli. They were first active in the Selenga and Orkhon river basins, and later moved to the north of the Tura River. In 744, the Uighur founded a khanate in Mobei, and later dispatched troops twice to help the Tang central authorities to quell the An Lushan-Shi Siming Rebellion. The Uighur Khanate collapsed in 840 because of natural disasters, internal strife and attacks by the ancient Jiegasi tribe. Consequently, most of the Uighur migrated westward.
One of their sub-groups moved to the modern Jimsar and Turpan regions, where they founded the Gaochang Uighur Kingdom. Another sub-group moved to the Central Asian grasslands, scattered in areas from Central Asia to Kashi, and joined the Karluk and Yagma peoples in founding the Karahan Kingdom. After that, the Tarim Basin and its surrounding areas were under the rule of the Gaochang Uighur Kingdom and the Karahan Kingdom. The local residents were merged with the Uighurs that had moved west, thus laying the foundation for the subsequent formation of the Uygur ethnic group.
In 1124, Yollig Taxin, a member of the ruling house of the Liao Dynasty 916-1125, led his people, the Khitan tribe, westward and conquered Xinjiang, where he established the kingdom of Western Liao. In the early 13th century, Genghis Khan led an expeditionary army to Xinjiang, where he granted the territories he had conquered to his children and grandchildren. The Uighurs further assimilated a portion of the Khitans and Mongolians.
Oyrat was the general name used for the Mongolians in Moxi the area west of the vast deserts on the Mongolian Plateau in the Ming Dynasty 1368-1644. The Oyrat first lived in scattered areas along the upper reaches of the Yenisaey River, gradually spreading to the middle reaches of the Ertix and Ili river basins. The early 17th century saw the rise among them of the Junggar, Dorbt, Huxut and Turgut tribes. In the 1670s, the Junggar occupied the Ili River basin, becoming leader of the four tribes, and put southern Xinjiang under their control.
From the 1760s on, the government of the Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 sent Manchu, Xibe and Suolun Daur troops from northeast China to Xinjiang in order to strengthen the frontier defense of the region, and they added to the ethnic mix in Xinjiang. Afterwards, Russians and Tatars migrated into Xinjiang. By the end of the 19th century, Xinjiang had 13 ethnic groups, namely, Uygur, Han, Kazak, Mongolian, Hui, Kirgiz, Manchu, Xibe, Tajik, Daur, Ozbek, Tatar and Russian. The Uygurs formed the majority, as they do today.
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