目录
Contents
前言 i
使用本书 iii
Chapter 1 SAT Essay简介
SAT ESSAY INTRODUCTION
SAT写作介绍SAT Essay Introduction 3
SAT Essay结构SAT Essay Structure 6
SAT写作话题分类SAT Essay Top Topics 9
Chapter 2 商业与发明
BUSINESS AND INVENTION
诺贝尔ALFRED BERNHARD NOBEL 1833–1896 25
卡内基ANDREW CARNEGIE 1835–1919 27
洛克菲勒JOHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLER 1839–1937 29
贝尔ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847–1922 31
Figure 05 爱迪生THOMAS EDISON 1847–1931 33
福特HENRY FORD 1863–1947 36
迪士尼WALT DISNEY 1901–1966 38
雷蒙德?克罗克RAYMOND ALBERT KROC 1902–1984 40
山姆?沃尔顿SAM WALTON 1918–1992 42
Figure 10 巴菲特WARREN BUFFETT 1930– 44
奥普拉OPRAH WINFREY 1954– 46
比尔?盖茨BILL GATES 1955– 49
乔布斯STEVE JOBS 1955–2011 51
Chapter 3 哲学与文学
PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE
孔子CONFUCIUS 551–479 BC 57
苏格拉底SOCRATES 469–399 BC 60
柏拉图PLATO 428?–347 BC 62
亚里士多德ARISTOTLE 384–322 BC 64
Figure 05 马基雅维利NICCOL? MACHIAVELLI 1469–1527 66
培根FRANCIS BACON 1561–1626 68
莎士比亚WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 1564–1616 70
笛卡儿REN? DESCARTES 1596–1650 72
伏尔泰VOLTAIRE 1694–1778 74
Figure 10 狄更斯CHARLES DICKENS 1812–1870 77
列夫?托尔斯泰LEO TOLSTOY 1828–1910 79
尼采FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 1844–1900 81
萧伯纳GEORGE BERNARD SHAW 1856–1950 83
海明威ERNEST HEMINGWAY 1899–1961 85
Chapter 4 科学与探索
SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION
希波克拉底HIPPOCRATES 460–377 BC 89
阿基米德ARCHIMEDES 287–212 BC 91
哥白尼NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 1473–1543 93
布鲁诺GIORDANO BRUNO 1548–1600 95
Figure 05 伽利略GALILEO GALILEI 1564–1642 97
哈维WILLIAM HARVEY 1578–1657 99
牛顿SIR ISAAC NEWTON 1642–1727 101
瓦特JAMES WATT 1736–1819 103
爱德华?詹纳EDWARD JENNER 1749–1823 105
Figure 10 达尔文CHARLES DARWIN 1809–1882 106
孟德尔GREGOR MENDEL 1822–1884 108
巴斯德LOUIS PASTEUR 1822–1895 110
居里夫人MARIE CURIE 1867–1934 112
爱因斯坦ALBERT EINSTEIN 1879–1955 114
Figure 15 弗莱明ALEXANDER FLEMING 1881–1955 116
波尔NIELS BOHR 1885–1962 118
克里克FRANCIS CRICK 1916–2004 120
霍金STEPHEN HAWKING 1942– 122
Chapter 5 政治与权力
POLITICS AND POWER
恺撒大帝JULIUS CAESAR 100–44 BC 127
亚历山大大帝ALEXANDER THE GREAT 356–323 BC 129
武则天EMPRESS WU 624–705 131
成吉思汗GENGHIS KHAN 1162?–1227 133
Figure 05 本杰明?富兰克林BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 1706–1790 135
华盛顿GEORGE WASHINGTON 1732–1799 137
拿破仑NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 1769–1821 140
林肯ABRAHAM LINCOLN 1809–1865 143
丘吉尔SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL 1874–1965 146
Figure 10 罗斯福FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT 1882–1945 148
希特勒ADOLF HITLER 1889–1945 151
里根RONALD REAGAN 1911–2004 155
尼克松RICHARD NIXON 1913–1994 158
肯尼迪JOHN F. KENNEDY 1917–1963 160
Chapter 6 社会与变革
SOCIETY AND REFORM
圣女贞德JOAN OF ARC 1412–1431 165
马丁?路德MARTIN LUTHER 1483–1546 167
南丁格尔FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 1820–1910 169
甘地MAHATMA GANDHI 1869–1948 171
Figure 05 海伦?凯勒HELEN KELLER 1880–1968 175
白求恩NORMAN BETHUNE 1890–1939 177
德雷莎修女MOTHER TERESA 1910–1997 179
曼德拉NELSON MANDELA 1918– 182
安妮ANNE FRANK 1929–1945 185
Figure 10 马丁?路德?金MARTIN LUTHER KING 1929–1968 187
Chapter 7 艺术与流行
ART AND FASHION
达?芬奇LEONARDO DA VINCI 1452–1519 193
米开朗基罗MICHELANGELO 1475–1564 195
拉斐尔RAPHAEL 1483–1520 197
凡?高VINCENT VAN GOGH 1853–1890 199
Figure 05 香奈尔COCO CHANEL 1883–1971 201
卓别林CHARLIE CHAPLIN 1889–1977 203
玛丽莲?梦露MARILYN MONROE 1926–1962 205
Chapter 8 音乐与演艺
MUSIC AND PERFORMING
巴赫JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH 1685–1750 209
海顿FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN 1732–1809 211
莫扎特WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART 1756–1791 213
贝多芬LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN 1770–1827 215
Figure 05 柴可夫斯基PYOTR IIYICH TCHAIKOVSKY 1840–1893 217
路易斯?阿姆斯特朗LOUIS ARMSTRONG 1901–1971 219
猫王ELVIS PRESLEY 1935–1977 221
列侬JOHN LENNON 1940–1980 223
迈克尔?杰克逊MICHAEL JACKSON 1958–2009 225
Chapter 9 挑战与竞技
CHALLENGE AND COMPETITION
哥伦布CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 1451–1506 229
达?伽马VASCO DA GAMA 1460–1524 231
罗伯特?皮尔里ROBERT E. PEARY 1856–1920 234
莱特兄弟ORVILLE 1871–1948, WILBUR 1867–1912 236
Figure 05 杰西?欧文斯JESSE OWENS 1913–1980 238
加加林YURI GAGARIN 1934–1968 240
阿姆斯特朗NEIL ARMSTRONG 1930– 242
Chapter 10 附录
APPENDIX
人名字母排序A-Z Name List 245
人名时间排序Chronological Name List 248
重要历史事件表Influential Historical Events 251
参考文献References 258
內容試閱：
Chapter 1
SAT Essay简介
SAT Essay Introduction
本章 目 录
SAT写作介绍SAT Essay Introduction
SATEssay结构SAT Essay Structure
SAT写作话题分类SAT Essay Top Topics
SAT写作介绍SAT Essay Introduction
SAT考试的全称为“学术评估测试”Scholastic Assessment
Test，是美国大学入学的重要衡量标准之一。SAT考试共分三个项目：写作、数学和批判性阅读。每个项目各占800分，SAT考试的总分为2400分，考试总时间约3小时45分钟。
SAT Essay是SAT考试写作中的第一部分，也是整个SAT考试的第一部分。写作项目的另外一部分是语法考试。
Essay题签有一页图1.1，主要有两部分内容，如图中所示的A、B两部分。A部分主要涉及考试的基本要求等内容。B部分为Essay命题作文的考试题目。
图1.1 SAT考试Essay部分的题签页
A部分的英文和下文的出入很小：
The essay gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can
develop and express ideas. You should, therefore, take care to
develop your point of view, present your ideas logically and
clearly, and use language precisely.
Your essay must be written on the lines provided on your answer
sheet—you will receive no other paper on which to write. You will
have enough space if you write on every line, avoid wide margins,
and keep your handwriting to a reasonable size. Remember that
people who are not familiar with your handwriting will read what
you write. Try to write or print so that what you are writing is
legible to those readers.
You have twenty-five minutes to write an essay on the topic
assigned below. DO NOT WRITE ON ANOTHER TOPIC. AN OFF-TOPIC ESSAY
WILL RECEIVE A SCORE OF ZERO.
A部分的主要内容如下：
□考生写作时需要展开观点论述；
□考生写作时需要注意文章要符合逻辑、表达清楚、用语准确；
□考生答题时，必须用铅笔写在指定的两张答题纸上，并且没有多余的作文答题纸；
□书写时，字母间距不要过大，字迹不要潦草；
□考试时间为25分钟，用铅笔答题；
□请注意，SAT Essay为命题作文，跑题的文章将直接被判零分。
考生考试时，不需要花时间阅读这部分内容。
B部分的形式类似以下方框中的内容。这部分主要有两部分内容：文摘和作文题目。
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt
and assignment below:
Winning does not require people to be against someone else; people
can reach their goals through cooperation just as well as they can
through competition. Winning is not always the result of selfish
individualism. People achieve happiness by cooperating with others
to increase the happiness of all, rather than by winning at others’
expense. Ours is not a world in which the price of one person’s
happiness is someone else’s unhappiness.
Adapted from Gilbert Brim, Ambition
Assignment: When some people win, must others lose, or are there
situations in which everyone wins?
Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on
this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken
from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.
文摘excerpt一般是和作文题目相关的一段文章，作用是给考生一定的思路。这里请考生注意，对于大部分在中国接受教育的高中程度的学生来说，想把这部分内容读清楚是有一定难度的，这会浪费宝贵的时间。另外，这部分内容通常会引起先入为主的思维定势，不利于文章写作。考生可以根据自己的能力，决定是否花时间阅读这段内容。
Don’t ignore the excerpt. You may find some phrases that you can
use in your essay. Referring back to the excerpt by paraphrasing it
or using some words from it can be an effective technique.
Winning does not require people to be against someone else; people
can reach their goals through cooperation just as well as they can
through competition. Winning is not always the result of selfish
individualism. People achieve happiness by cooperating with others
to increase the happiness of all, rather than by winning at others’
expense. Ours is not a world in which the price of one person’s
happiness is someone else’s unhappiness.
作文题目Assignment，是这部分最重要的信息。前文已经提到，SAT
Essay部分为命题作文，跑题就会被判为零分。因此，考生需要将主要精力放在理解“Assignment”上，并且思考如何对文章展开论述。本书的附录给出了历年SAT
Essay的主要题目分类，请考生认真研读作文的题目要求。
Assignment: When some people win, must others lose, or are there
situations in which everyone wins?
Essay部分的答题纸有两页图1.2，每页答题纸的版面略小于普通的A4纸。
图1.2 SAT考试Essay部分的答题纸样例
SAT
Essay部分通常由两名教师阅卷，每名教师的打分区间是0~6分，最高分是6分。两名教师打分之和的区间为0~12分，最高分12分。当两名阅卷教师的打分差超过1分时，第三名阅卷人将会介入打分。
满分6分作文的要求如下：
An essay in this category is outstanding, demonstrating clear and
consistent mastery, although it may have a few minor errors. A
typical essay
□effectively and insightfully develops a point of view on the
issue and demonstrates outstanding critical thinking, using clearly
appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its
position
□is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating clear
coherence and smooth progression of ideas
□exhibits skillful use of language, using a varied, accurate,
and apt vocabulary
□demonstrates meaningful variety in sentence structure
□is free of most errors in grammar, usage, and
mechanics
从以上评分标准可以看出SAT Essay主要强调四个方面的技能：思考、文章发展、文章组织和语言。
本书主要提供SAT的写作素材，想要了解更多有关文章发展、组织和语言等方面的内容，请读者参考本书作者的一本拙著《拯救我的托福写作》Saving
My TOEFL Writing。
有关“Critical thinking”和“Complex
thinking”方面的内容，感兴趣的读者可以参考本书作者的另一本拙著《拯救我的新GRE写作》Saving My Revised
GRE Issue。
SAT Essay结构SAT Essay Structure
比较常见的SAT结构是“1+3+1”，即开头一段，正文三段，结尾一段。参考下图的结构。
开头段落Opening Paragraph通常包括两部分内容：“Thesis Statement”和“Summary of
Examples”。如果考生善于写“引子Hook”，在文章最开头加一段“引子”也是可以的。
□“Thesis Statement”是文章的中心主旨句，是文章开头必不可少的部分。“Thesis
Statement”通常为一句话，一般是开头段落的最后一句。“Thesis
Statement”平衡观点，对文章内容进行宏观概括。
□“Summary of
Examples”是对文章中所用例子的总结，根据考生的习惯，这部分可以出现在开头段落，也可以出现在结尾段落。
正文段落Body Paragraph通常包括两部分内容：“Topic Sentence”和“Supporting
Evidence”。一篇作文通常有3个正文段落。
□“Topic Sentence”是段落的中心句，SAT Essay考试的每段“Topic
Sentence”通常是对本段采用的人物史料的总结。
□“Supporting Evidence”是对人物史料的细节展开，用来支撑文章的核心观点。
结尾段落Concluding Paragraph包括两部分内容：“Reminder of Thesis
Statement”和“Final Remarks”。
□“Reminder of Thesis
Statement”重申文章主旨，需要注意的是这句话中的关键词一定要和“Thesis
Statement”的关键词有所区分。
□“Final
Remarks”是文末的评论性的结语，可以是“做预测”“提出解决办法”“提出文章讨论的现实意义”或“号召行动”等内容。当然，也可以总结文章中的人物史料例证。
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