Contents
Preface iii
ChAPTER 1 Introduction 1
Case Study： How the Free Market Rocked the Grid 2
1.1History of Electric Power Systems 10
1.2Present and Future Trends 17
1.3Electric Utility Industry Structure 20
1.4Computers in Power System Engineering 21
1.5PowerWorld Simulator 22
ChAPTER 2 Fundamentals 29
Case Study： Key Connections 30
2.1Phasors 38
2.2Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 40
2.3Complex Power 45
2.4Network Equations 50
2.5Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 53
2.6Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 61
2.7Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 66
ChAPTER 3 Power Transformers 69
Case Study： Power TransformersLife Management and Extension 70
3.1The Ideal Transformer 77
3.2Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers 83
3.3 The Per-Unit System 89
ChAPTER 4
3.4Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift 97
3.5Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 102
3.6Three-Winding Transformers 107
3.7Autotransformers 111
3.8Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios 113
Transmission Line Parameters 123
Case Study： Integrating North Americas Power Grid 124 Case Study： Grid Congestion - Unclogging the Arteries
of North Americas Power Grid 129
4.1Transmission Line Design Considerations 135
4.2Resistance 140
4.3Conductance 143
4.4Inductance： Solid Cylindrical Conductor 143
4.5Inductance： Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 148
4.6Inductance： Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 150
4.7Series Impedances： Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 158
4.8Electric Field and Voltage： Solid Cylindrical Conductor 163
4.9Capacitance： Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 166
4.10Capacitance： Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 168
4.11Shunt Admittances： Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 172
4.12Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level 177
4.13Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 180
Contents
ChAPTER 5 Transmission Lines： Steady-State Operation 183
Case Study： The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies： An Overview of High Voltage Direct Current Systems and Applications 184
5.1Medium and Short Line Approximations 204
5.2Transmission-Line Differential Equations 211
5.3Equivalent p Circuit 217
5.4Lossless Lines 220
5.5Maximum Power Flow 228
5.6Line Loadability 230
5.7Reactive Compensation Techniques 235
ChAPTER 6 Power Flows 241
Case Study： Finding FlexibilityCycling the Conventional Fleet 242
6.1Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations： Gauss Elimination 262
6.2Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations： Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel 266
6.3Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations： Newton-Raphson 272
6.4The Power Flow Problem 277
6.5Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel 283
6.6Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson 285
6.7Control of Power Flow 295
6.8Sparsity Techniques 301
6.9Fast Decoupled Power Flow 304
6.10The DC Power Flow 304
6.11Power Flow Modeling of Wind Generation 306
6.12Economic Dispatch 308
6.13Optimal Power Flow 321
ChAPTER 7 Symmetrical Faults 325
Case Study： Short-Circuit Modeling of a Wind Power Plant 326
7.1Series RL Circuit Transients 345
7.2Three-Phase Short CircuitUnloaded Synchronous Machine 348
ChAPTER 8
ChAPTER 9
ChAPTER 10
7.3Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits 352
7.4Bus Impedance Matrix 355
7.5Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection 365
Symmetrical Components 373
Case Study： Technological Progress in High-Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 374
8.1Definition of Symmetrical Components 391
8.2Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads 397
8.3Sequence Networks of Series Impedances 404
8.4Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines 406
8.5Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines 408
8.6Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 414
8.7Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers 420
8.8Power
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