PREFACE
STUDY REGION
SUMMARY
1 Hydroenergy Resources Assessment and Development 001
1.1 Methods and Data 002
Resource Assessment Methods 002
Macro Site Selection Method 004
Basic Data and Parameters 006
1.2 Resource Assessment 010
Distribution of Water Systems 010
Hydrological Data 011
Land Covers 014
Geological Conditions 016
Overview of Hydroenergy Resources 019
Assessment Results 021
1.3 Base Development 032
Development Status 032
Layout of Bases 033
Base at Orinoco River 035
Base at Tocantins River 046
Base at Tapajos River, a Tributary of the Amazon River 060
Base at Maranon River, a Tributary of the Amazon River 062
Base at Madeira River, a Tributary of the Amazon River 069
Base at Ucayali River 072
Base at Motagua River 075
2 Wind Energy Resources Assessment and Development 077
2.1 Methods and Data 078
Resource Assessment Methods 078
Macro Site Selection Method 082
Basic Data and Parameters 084
2.2 Resource Assessment 090
Distribution of Wind Speeds 090
Land Covers 092
Distribution of Conservation Areas 093
Transportation Facilities 094
Grid Facilities 095
Assessment Results 098
2.3 Power Bases Development 108
Development Status 108
Layout of Bases 109
Overview of Bases 110
Study on Site Selection of Bases 114
3 Solar Energy Resources Assessment and Development 125
3.1 Methods and Data 126
Resource Assessment Method 126
Macro Site Selection Method 128
Basic Data and Parameters 130
3.2 Resource Assessment 135
Global Horizontal Irradiance 135
Land Covers 136
Distribution of Terrains 138
Assessment Results 140
3.3 Power Bases Development 150
Development Status 150
Layout of Bases 151
Overview of Bases 152
Study on Site Selection of Bases 157
4 Outbound Transmission of Large-scale Renewable Energy Bases 167
4.1 Forecast of Electricity Demand 168
4.2 Deep Electric Energy Substitution 171
HydrogenProductionandHydrogenEnergyUtilizationforClean Electricity 171
Seawater Desalination and Ecological Restoration 174
4.3 Eastern South America 176
Power Delivery Direction 176
Power Transmission Mode 177
4.4 Southern South America 178
Power Delivery Direction 178
Power Transmission Mode 180
4.5 Western South America 182
Power Delivery Direction 182
Power Transmission Mode 183
4.6 Central America 185
Power Delivery Direction 185
Power Transmission Mode 186
5 Policy Environment and Investment and Financing Suggestions 187
5.1 Overview of Countries in Central and South America 188
5.2 Policy Environment for Major Countries in Central and South America 191
Brazil 191
Bolivia 194
Chile 196
Argentina 198
Paraguay 200
Uruguay 202
Venezuela 204
Colombia 206
Ecuador 208
Peru 210
Guatemala 212
El Salvador 214
Nicaragua 216
5.3 Investment and Financing Proposal 218
Forming a Diversified Investment and Financing System 218
Accelerating the Construction of Regional Power Market 218
Reducing Fossil Energy Subsidies 219
Improving the Business Environment 219
Strengthening Inflation Risk Management 220
Reducing the Cost of Funding 220
5.4 Summary 221
EPILOGUE 222
內容試閱：
Energy is an important foundation for economic and social development. Mankind uses energy, historically we have converted energy sources from firewood to fossil such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to renewable energy such as hydro, wind and solar energy, every change is accompanied by a huge leap in productivity and major progress in human civilization. Energy, as the driving force for the development of modern society, contributes to the nation’s economy and its citizens’ interactive dynamic, as well as to their welfare. The massive development and use of traditional fossil energy has led to increasingly prominent problems such as resource shortages, environmental pollution, and climate change, which seriously threaten human survival and sustainable development. In essence, the core of sustainable development is clean development. The key is to promote renewable energy, and replace fossil energy with renewable energy such as solar, wind, and hydropower.Scientific and accurate quantitative assessment of resources is the critical foundation for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. At present, the globally installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar power has exceeded 30% of the installed capacity of power sources. Although some achievements have been made in the development of renewable energy, there is still potential for it to expand. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct a fine assessment on resource reserves. On the basis of establishing and improving the global renewable energy resources database, the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization GEIDCO has established an assessment system and digital fine assessment models for renewable energy resources. These models carry out systematic calculation and quantitative assessment of theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and economic potential installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar energies from a global perspective. An achievement of the Global Renewable-energy Exploitation ANalysis GREAN Systematic and efficient macro site selection of power bases is an important prerequisite for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. The site selection of renewable energy power bases is related to the cost-effectiveness of power station development, which crucially contributes to economic development and the efficient utilization of renewable energy. There are many factors affecting the site selection of power bases, hence the site selection analyses and decision-making process are convoluted. The desk top study of site selection is often limited by the integrity and accuracy of data. Site taking into account factors such as global topography and terrain elevation, land covers, water systems, natural reserves, geology and historical seismic activity frequency, power supply and power grid, population and economy, GEIDCO has developed a set of basic database, models and tools for macro site selection for renewable energy power bases which significantly increase the breadth and depth of data collection and analysis processes, thereby, greatly improving the accuracy, economy and effectiveness of the desk top study of site selection, and achieving systematic achievements in promoting the development of global renewable energy resources. The data collected and analyzed by Focusing on the world’s resource assessment and base development of all continents, GEIDCO has prepared a series of scientific reports on renewable energy development and investment globally, specifically in continents such as Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Central and South America and Oceania.This report is one of the renewable energy research series focusing on Central and South America, which fully shows the achievements in the assessment of renewable energy resources and the site selection of large-scale power bases in Central and South America. In Chapters 1, 2 and 3, the resource assessment and base development research of hydro, wind and photovoltaic power in Central and South America were completed by digital methods. Firstly, the methods, models and data of resource assessment and site selection are introduced respectively. In terms of hydropower, the theoretical potential of hydroenergy resources in major river basins of Central and South America is calculated, and cascade hydropower stations development schemes of major reaches are proposed. In terms of wind and photovoltaic power, on the basis of comprehensive calculation and analysis of the main factors affecting centralized development, the theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and economic potential installed capacity of wind power and photovoltaic power in all countries and regions of Central and South America have been calculated. Using the GREAN platform, the site selection and layout of large-scale onshore wind power bases and large-scale solar photovoltaic power bases in Central and South America are proposed, and the assessment of development conditions, development scale and the calculation of technical and economic indicators are completed. In Chapter 4, based on the development trend of energy and countries in Central and South America, analyzes the typical investment modes of renewable energy exploitation projects, conducts case studies in the development schemes of large- scale hydro, wind and solar power bases in Central and South America, and proposes suggestions on policies and investment modes to speed up clean development in Central and South America.The Global Renewable Energy Development and Investment series of reports made by the GEIDCO are committed to providing guidance and reference for the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy around the world and accelerating the implementation of clean alternatives on the energy supply side. This report provides guidelines and acts as a reference guide for government departments, international organizations, energy enterprises, financial institutions, universities and relevant individuals who take part in renewable energy resource assessment, strategic research, project development, international cooperation, etc. However, due to the time constraints for data collection and report research writing timeframe, the contents may be
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