PREFACE
SUMMARY
1 Current Situation and Trend of Hydrogen Energy Development?001
1.1 Introduction to Hydrogen?002
1.2 Development Status?004
1.3 Green Hydrogen and Energy Transition?007
1.3.1 Challenges of Energy Transition?008
1.3.2 Green Hydrogen and Energy Transition?010
1.3.3 Green Hydrogen and New Power System?013
1.4 Reporting Ideas and Main Contents?014
2 Key Technologies for Green Hydrogen?017
2.1 Hydrogen Production Technology?018
2.1.1 Current Technical Status?018
2.1.2 Technology Comparison?033
2.2.2 Technology Comparison?053
2.2.3 R&D Direction?059
2.2.4 Technical and Economic Trends?061
2.3 Hydrogen Utilization Technology?062
2.3.1 Current Technical Status?063
2.3.2 Technology Comparison?085
2.3.3 R&D Direction?097
2.3.4 Technical and Economic Trends?100
2.4 Summary?101
3 Green Hydrogen Demand Projection and Development Potential?105
3.1 Demand Forecast?106
3.1.1 Economic and Social Development Expectation?106
3.1.2 Prospect of Energy Scenarios?115
3.1.3 Projection Models and Methods?117
3.1.4 Analysis of Main Hydrogen Fields?118
3.1.5 Demand Projection Results?131
3.1.6 Scenario of China Energy Interconnection?132
3.2 Development Potential and Cost?134
3.2.1 Cost Projection of New Energy Power Generation?135
3.2.2 Assessment of New Energy Resources?136
3.2.3 Development Potential and Cost Optimization Model?138
3.2.4 Assessment Results?142
3.3 Summary?144
4 Electricity-Hydrogen Coordinated Zero-carbon Energy System?147
4.1 Necessity of Electricity-Hydrogen Coordinated Allocation?148
4.2 Optimal Allocation Model?149
4.2.1 Model and Algorithm?149
4.2.2 Analysis of Typical Scenarios?150
4.2.3 Comparison of Different Scenarios?158
4.3 Study on Allocation of Green Hydrogen in China?161
4.3.1 Control Scenario?161
4.3.2 Green Hydrogen Allocation Research?163
4.3.3 Electricity-hydrogen Coordinated Zero-carbon Energy System?167
4.4 Comprehensive Values?170
4.4.1 Value of Flexibility?170
4.4.2 Guarantee Value of Electricity Supply?172
4.4.3 Value of System Security?174
4.4.4 Value of Emission Reduction?175
4.5 Hydrogen Power Generation and Green Energy Center?176
4.6 Summary?178
5 Conclusion and Prospect?181
5.1 Key Technology Prospects?182
5.2 Green Hydrogen Demand Prospects?184
5.3 Green Hydrogen Industry Prospects?185
5.3.1 Policy Planning?185
5.3.2 Industry Chain Development?188
5.3.3 Market and Service Platform?190
Appendix?193
Appendix 1 Basic Data Sources and Details?193
Appendix 2 Recommended Values of Main Parameters for Wind， Light， and Clean
Energy Assessment?196
Appendix 3 Resource-Assessment-Demand Hierarchical Optimization Algorithm?199
Appendix 4 Optimization Model and Method of Electro-hydrogen Coordinated
System?200
內容試閱：
In recent years， as China and other major countries in the world have successively put forward the development goal of carbon neutrality， the clean energy transition has attracted more and more attention from the world. The key to energy transition is to achieve “Two Replacements”. On the energy supply side， the proportion of renewable energy such as hydroenergy， wind energy， and solar energy is increasing continuously， but the randomness and fluctuation of renewable energy set a still higher demand for flexible adjustment of the energy system. On the energy consumption side， the trend of electrification is increasingly obvious. However， it is difficult to rely on electricity to directly meet the energy demand in aviation， navigation， industrial high-grade heating， chemical， and metallurgy fields， and it is also difficult to achieve the replacement of traditional fossil fuels by zero-carbon renewable energy. Therefore， new solutions are urgently needed.
Hydrogen， as a clean， zero-carbon， efficient and sustainable energy carrier， provides an alternative solution for deepening the clean energy transition and fully achieving “Two Replacements”. At present， most hydrogen is produced by fossil fuels， and direct use of hydrogen as energy cannot achieve the goal of de-carbonization. Renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy is used to produce green hydrogen to achieve the de-carbonization of the whole process from supply to consumption， so that the energy de-carbonization can be achieved by hydrogen energy.
Green hydrogen comes from renewable energy. Green hydrogen is an important zero-carbon solution in the final energy consumption fields where it is difficult to directly use electricity. It becomes the link between renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy and final energy consumption， to achieve indirect electricity replacement or even “non-energy application” of electricity， thus promoting comprehensive electrification on the energy consumption side. Compared with electricity， hydrogen is easier to be stored on a large scale. The mutual conversion of electricity and hydrogen will provide important long-term flexible adjustment capabilities for new power systems with renewable energy as the mainstay， to promote the development and consumption of renewable energy， thus facilitating clean replacement of energy supply. The close connection between electricity and hydrogen will become an important feature of the new energy system in the carbon neutrality scenario， and an interconnected modern energy network will be built in combination with various energy forms such as biomass energy， geothermal energy， and natural gas. Hydrogen energy is expected to become one of the important roles in the third energy transition， and it will be used with electricity to achieve the clean， low-carbon and sustainable development of the future energy system.
In this report， from the perspectives of demand， production， and allocation and in combination with different links in the hydrogen industry chain， the technical statuses of hydrogen application， hydrogen production， hydrogen storage， and hydrogen transportation are sorted out， the cost-effectiveness of different technical routes is compared， and the R&D directions of key technologies in the future are proposed. Based on the analysis of carbon neutrality energy scenarios and technology development trends， the scale of hydrogen energy demand in the future is judged. Based on the assessment results of clean energy resources， the potential and cost-effectiveness of green hydrogen production are studied. On this basis， an overall optimization analysis model for the electricity-hydrogen zero-carbon energy system is built， and the long-distance and large-scale hydrogen energy allocation scheme in China is proposed with the optimization goal of minimizing the energy consumption cost of the whole system in this report.
In this report， the relevant research results of the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) on hydrogen energy are collected， aiming at enabling readers to master the technical statuses and development trends of the application， production， storage， and transportation of green hydrogen industry， and providing a reference for policy makers to fully understand the development prospects of hydrogen energy， formulate relevant policies and plan development paths. However， there might be inadequacies as data and time for preparation are limited. Comments and suggestions are welcome for further improvements.
SUMMARY
Hydrogen is not only an important chemical raw material but also efficient zero-carbon energy. It has great potential in the energy field in the future. At present， most hydrogen is gray hydrogen produced by fossil fuels， and direct use of hydrogen as energy cannot achieve the goal of de-carbonization. Renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy is used to produce green hydrogen to achieve the de-carbonization of the whole process from supply to consumption， so that the energy de-carbonization can be achieved by developing hydrogen energy. Green hydrogen comes from green power. The use of green hydrogen in fields where it is difficult to directly use electricity is equivalent to indirectly achieving electrification. An electricity-hydrogen coordinated， efficient， flexible， and interconnected zero-carbon energy system is built to further accelerate the achievement of overall de-carbonization in the energy field， thus promoting the achievement of carbon neutrality.
In this report， a variety of hydrogen production technologies， hydrogen storage and transportation technologies， and hydrogen utilization technologies in the energy， transportation， and chemical industries are analyzed， and technology research and judgment and economic predictions are made. Based on the economic and social development， energy system transition， and energy demand of various industries， the future demand for green hydrogen in China is predicted. Based on the research results of GEIDCO in the clean energy power generation technology and global clean resource assessment fields， the development potential and cost distribution of green hydrogen in China are quantitatively assessed. In this report， an overall optimization analysis model for the electricity-hydrogen zero-carbon energy system is built， and the long-distance and large-scale green hydrogen allocation optimization scheme combining the hydrogen transportation through pipelines with the replacing hydrogen transportation with power transmission is preliminarily proposed based on different transportation scenarios.
In terms of hydrogen production technology， the use of renewable energy to produce green hydrogen by water electrolysis has significant clean and low-carbon advantages and has great development potential. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis includes three technical routes: alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC)， proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEM) and high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). At present， the cost of electricity accounts for 70%-80% of the cost of green hydrogen. With the decrease in the cost of renewable energy power generation， the advancement of electrolytic hydrogen production technology， and the increase in the cost of carbon emissions of hydrogen production from fossil fuels， hydrogen production from green power is expected to become the dominant hydrogen production method by around 2030. The R&D directions of hydrogen production technology include high-efficiency and high-power alkaline electrolysis technology， low-cost proton exchange membrane electrolysis technology， and long-life high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis technology.
In terms of hydrogen storage technology， the main hydrogen storage technologies include gaseous hydrogen storage， liquid hydrogen storage， and material-based hydrogen storage. High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology has low cost， low energy consumption， and easy dehydrogenation. It is the most mature and widely used hydrogen storage technology and the best choice for large-scale fixed hydrogen storage. Low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage and solid hydrogen storage materials will be used in places with high space requirements. Hydrogen storage with liquid ammonia and organic liquid has the advantages of high hydrogen storage mass fraction and mild hydrogen storage conditions， and it will play a role in the long-distance transportation of hydrogen. The R&D directions of hydrogen storage technology include hydrogen liquefaction technology， high-pressure hydrogen storage tank technology， and solid hydrogen storage material technology.
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