Introduction 绪论1
Chapter1Amino Acids to Proteins 第1章从氨基酸到蛋白质5
1.1Protein Composition 1.1蛋白质的组成5
1.2Protein Conformations 1.2蛋白质的构象8
1.2.1Describing Protein Structure 1.2.1描述蛋白质的结构9
1.2.2Chemical and Physical Basis for Protein Folding 1.2.2蛋白质折叠的化学和物理基础13
1.3Protein Structure and Function：A Few Examples 1.3蛋白质的结构与功能：几个例子16
1.4The Dynamics of Proteins 1.4蛋白质动力学18
1.5Experiments 1.5实验研究21
Summary 小结21
Vocabulary 词汇22
Review Questions 习题23
Exploration Questions 思考题23
Chapter2Nucleic Acids 第2章核酸24
2.1Properties of a Genetic Material 2.1遗传物质的性质24
2.2Nucleic Acids and DNA structure 2.2核酸与DNA结构25
2.2.1Nucleotides 2.2.1核苷酸25
2.2.2General Structure of Nucleic Acids 2.2.2核酸的一般结构27
2.2.3Structure of DNA 2.2.3DNA的结构30
2.3Molecular Identification 2.3分子鉴定33
2.3.1Identification of DNA Molecules 2.3.1DNA分子鉴定33
2.3.2Identification of RNA Molecules 2.3.2RNA分子鉴定35
2.4DNA as the Genetic Material 2.4DNA作为遗传物质37
2.5DNA in the Cell 2.5细胞中的DNA38
2.6RNA(Ribonucleic Acid) 2.6RNA（核糖核酸）40
2.7Experiments 2.7实验研究42
Summary 小结44
Vocabulary 词汇44
Review Questions 习题45
Exploration Questions 思考题46
Chapter3Transcription in Prokaryotes:Mechanism and Regulation 第3章原核生物转录：机理与调控47
3.1Why Use an RNA Intermediate 3.1为什么使用RNA作为中间物47
3.2Mechanism of Transcription 3.2转录机理49
3.2.1Promoters 3.2.1启动子49
3.2.2RNA Polymerase 3.2.2RNA聚合酶51
3.2.3Transcription Mechanism in Three Phases 3.2.3转录机理的三个阶段53
3.3Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 3.3原核生物基因表达调控58
3.3.1Coordinate Regulation 3.3.1协同调控59
3.3.2The Lac Operon 3.3.2乳糖操纵子61
3.3.3The Trp Operon 3.3.3色氨酸操纵子64
3.3.4Ara and Gal Operons 3.3.4阿拉伯糖与半乳糖操纵子70
3.4Experiments 3.4实验研究72
Summary 小结76
Vocabulary 词汇77
Review Questions 习题78
Exploration Questions 思考题79
Chapter4Transcription in Eukaryotes:Mechanism and Regulation 第4章真核生物转录：机理与调控80
4.1Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases 4.1真核生物RNA聚合酶80
4.2Eukaryotic Promoters 4.2真核生物启动子82
4.3General Transcription Factors and Initiation 4.3通用转录因子与转录起始83
4.3.1TFⅡD 4.3.1TFⅡD84
4.3.2Other TFⅡs 4.3.2其他TFⅡs86
4.3.3General Transcription Factors for RNA Polymerase Ⅰ and Ⅲ 4.3.3RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅲ的通用转录因子86
4.4Specific Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulation 4.4特异转录因子与转录调控88
4.4.1Activators 4.4.1激活蛋白89
4.4.2Repressors 4.4.2阻遏蛋白91
4.4.3Enhancers and Silencers 4.4.3增强子和沉默子91
4.5Structures of Specific Transcription Factors 4.5特异转录因子的结构93
4.5.1DNA-Binding Motifs in Prokaryotes 4.5.1原核生物DNA结合基序94
4.5.2DNA-Binding Motifs in Eukaryotes 4.5.2真核生物DNA结合基序95
4.6Experiments 4.6实验研究97
4.6.1RNA Polymerase Targets 4.6.1RNA聚合酶的目标97
4.6.2Modularity of Specific Transcription Factors 4.6.2特异转录因子的模块化98
Summary 小结99
Vocabulary 词汇100
Review Questions 习题100
Exploration Questions 思考题101
Chapter5mRNA Modifications in Eukaryotes 第5章真核生物mRNA的修饰102
5.1Capping 5.1加帽102
5.2Polyadenylation 5.2聚腺苷酸化104
5.3Splicing 5.3剪接106
5.3.1The Basic Splicing Reaction 5.3.1基本的剪接反应106
5.3.2Proteins Involved in Splicing 5.3.2在剪接中发挥作用的蛋白质108
5.3.3Self-Splicing 5.3.3自我剪接110
5.3.4Trans-Splicing 5.3.4反式剪接111
5.3.5Reasons for Introns 5.3.5内含子存在的原因113
5.4mRNA Editing 5.4mRNA编辑115
5.5Experiments 5.5实验研究118
Summary 小结120
Vocabulary 词汇120
Review Questions 习题120
Exploration Questions 思考题121
Chapter6Translation 第6章翻译122
6.1The Genetic Code 6.1遗传密码122
6.2Mechanism of Translation in Prokaryotes 6.2原核生物翻译机理125
6.2.1Initiation 6.2.1起始125
6.2.2Elongation 6.2.2延伸128
6.2.3Termination 6.2.3终止132
6.3Translation in Eukaryotes 6.3真核生物翻译132
6.4tRNA Structure and Wobble 6.4tRNA的结构与摇摆136
6.4.1Anti-codons 6.4.1反密码子137
6.4.2Wobble 6.4.2摇摆139
6.5Experiments 6.5实验研究140
6.5.1Deciphering the Genetic Code 6.5.1破译遗传密码140
6.5.2Direction of Translation 6.5.2翻译的方向141
Summary 小结142
Vocabulary 词汇143
Review Questions 习题143
Exploration Questions 思考题144
Chapter7Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 第7章真核生物基因表达调控145
7.1Histones and Transcriptional Regulation 7.1组蛋白与转录调控146
7.1.1Histones and DNA Organization 7.1.1组蛋白与DNA组织146
7.1.2Histones and Transcription 7.1.2组蛋白与转录149
7.1.3Covalent Modification of Histones 7.1.3组蛋白的共价修饰151
7.1.4Proteins that Recognize and Modify Histones 7.1.4识别和修饰组蛋白的蛋白质153
7.2Post-Transcriptional Regulation 7.2转录后调控156
7.3Nuclear Export 7.3细胞核输出158
7.4RNA Stability 7.4RNA稳定性160
7.4.1mRNA Stability Regulation by Proteins 7.4.1蛋白质调控mRNA稳定性160
7.4.2mRNA Stability Regulation by Small RNAs 7.4.2小RNA调控mRNA稳定性163
7.5Translational Control 7.5翻译调控165
7.5.1Global Control 7.5.1全局控制166
7.5.2mRNA-Specific Control 7.5.2mRNA特异性控制167
7.6mRNA Localization 7.6mRNA定位170
7.7Protein Regulation 7.7蛋白质调控172
7.8Experiments 7.8实验研究172
7.8.1Beads-on-a-string Structure 7.8.1线珠结构172
7.8.2Repression of Gene Expression in Heterochromatin 7.8.2异染色质中基因表达的抑制174
Summary 小结174
Vocabulary 词汇175
Review Questions 习题176
Exploration Questions 思考题177
Chapter8DNA Replication 第8章DNA复制178
8.1Semi-Conservative Replication 8.1半保留复制178
8.2Initiation of Replication 8.2复制的起始179
8.3Semi-Discontinuous Replication 8.3半不连续复制181
8.4Elongation of Replication and its Proteins 8.4复制延伸及其相关蛋白184
8.4.1Helicase and SSBs 8.4.1解旋酶与SSB184
8.4.2DNA Polymerases 8.4.2DNA聚合酶185
8.4.3Explanation for 3′→5′Synthesis 8.4.3关于3′→5′合成188
8.4.4Primers 8.4.4引物191
8.5DNA Topology 8.5DNA拓扑学193
8.6DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 8.6真核生物DNA复制195
8.6.1Initiation of DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 8.6.1真核生物DNA复制起始197
8.6.2Telomeres 8.6.2端粒199
8.7Experiments 8.7实验研究200
Summary 小结203
Vocabulary 词汇203
Review Questions 习题203
Exploration Questions 思考题204
Chapter9Mutations and Mutation Repair 第9章突变与突变修复205
9.1DNA Damage and Mutations 9.1DNA损伤与突变205
9.2Point Mutations 9.2点突变206
9.2.1Mismatched Base 9.2.1错配的碱基206
9.2.2Spontaneous Mutations 9.2.2自发突变207
9.2.3Induced Mutations 9.2.3诱发突变209
9.3Insertions and Deletions 9.3插入和缺失213
9.3.1Strand Slippage 9.3.1链滑动213
9.3.2Transposons 9.3.2转座子214
9.3.3Intercalating Agents 9.3.3嵌入剂215
9.4Large-Scale DNA Changes 9.4大规模DNA变化216
9.5Consequences of DNA Mutations 9.5DNA突变的后果217
9.5.1Consequences of Point Mutations 9.5.1点突变的后果217
9.5.2Consequences of Insertions and Deletions 9.5.2插入和缺失的后果219
9.5.3Consequences of Translocations 9.5.3易位的后果220
9.5.4Mutation Hot Spots 9.5.4突变热点221
9.6Mutation Repair 9.6突变修复222
9.6.1Direct Reversal 9.6.1直接回复223
9.6.2Mismatch Repair 9.6.2错配修复223
9.6.3Nucleotide Excision Repair 9.6.3核苷酸切除修复225
9.6.4Base Excision Repair 9.6.4碱基切除修复227
9.6.5Double-Stranded Break Repair 9.6.5双链断裂修复228
9.7Experiments 9.7实验研究230
9.7.1Nucleotide Excision Repair and Human Disease 9.7.1核苷酸切除修复与人类疾病230
9.7.2The Ames Test 9.7.2埃姆斯测验法231
Summary 小结232
Vocabulary 词汇232
Review Questions 习题233
Exploration Questions 思考题234
Chapter10Recombination 第10章重组235
10.1Homologous Recombination 10.1同源重组235
10.1.1Mechanism for Crossing-Over 10.1.1交换机理236
10.1.2Mechanism for Double-Stranded Break Repair 10.1.2双链断裂修复机理240
10.1.3The RecBCD Pathway 10.1.3RecBCD途径241
10.1.4Gene Conversion 10.1.4基因转换241
10.2Non-homologous Recombination 10.2非同源重组243
10.2.1Transposons 10.2.1转座子243
10.2.2Retrotransposons 10.2.2反转录转座子249
10.2.3Bacteriophage λ Integration 10.2.3λ噬菌体的整合250
10.3Gene Editing 10.3基因编辑251
10.3.1ZFNs System 10.3.1ZFN系统251
10.3.2TALENs System 10.3.2TALEN系统253
10.3.3CRISPR/Cas System 10.3.3CRISPR/Cas系统254
Summary 小结257
Vocabulary 词汇257
Review Questions 习题258
Exploration Questions 思考题258
Answers to Review Questions 习题答案259
Index(Chinese) 中文索引262
Index(English) 英文索引268
Glossary 名词解释274
References 参考文献302
內容試閱：
Foreword
前言
With the incoming of the third edition of An Introduction to Molecular Biology with Chinese Translation， we have to tell everybody with a heavy heart that: we have lost contact with Dr. Lapan since June 2019. After failure of many contacting attempts ever since， we were connected to the corresponding author of his previously published paper. Unfortunately， the answer is also being out of contact. As such， we could only wish everything of Dr. Lapan be alright!
在《英汉对照分子生物学导论》第三版即将出版之际，我们不得不怀着沉重的心情告诉大家：自2019年6月以来我们与勒潘博士失去了联系。在后续多次联系尝试失败后，我们联系到了他先前发表论文的通讯作者，很遗憾得知也是失联。如此，惟愿勒潘博士一切安好！
In this new edition，“Molecular Identification” and “Gene Editing” sections are added into chapters 2 and 10 respectively. The former introduces application of molecular biology knowledge in social practice using nucleic acid testing and DNA fingerprinting as examples. The latter briefly outlines development stages of gene editing technology and functioning mechanism of the latest gene editing system. Due to absence of Dr. Lapan in this revision， no audio files are available for these two sections. Please make allowance for this.
本次再版分别在第2章、第10章增加了“分子鉴定”与“基因编辑”两节内容。前者以核酸检测、DNA指纹分析为实例介绍分子生物学知识在社会实践中的应用；后者简要概述基因编辑技术的发展阶段及最新基因编辑系统的作用机理。由于勒潘博士缺席本次修订工作，因此这两节内容没有音频文件，希望大家谅解。
Additionally， the following revisions have been made， including: addition of ten figures into chapters 5 to 7 and chapter 9， corrections/revisions to over sixty words/sentences， supplement of glossary into the book， and updating of the accessory teaching courseware. We sincerely hope that this new edition could help everybody better understand and learn knowledge in basic theory and practical application of molecular biology.
此外，还完成了下面几项修订工作，包括：增加了十幅插图到第5～7章及第9章中，修正了六十多处字句，增补了名词解释到书中，更新了配套教学课件。我们诚挚希望本书的再版能帮助大家更好地理解与学习分子生物学基础理论及其实际应用知识。
Best wishes，
Yong Wang
Xianghui Qi
March 2024
致以良好祝愿！
王勇齐
向辉
2024年3月
Foreword to the First Edition
第一版前言
One of the wonderful things about molecular biology is that the field depends on constant communicationImportant questions can only be answered through the collaboration of researchers from all over the world， who each contribute their piece of the puzzle and build on each others workBut this lively interaction also poses challenges， particularly the problem of languageHow can scientists collaborate if they speak and publish in different languages?
关于分子生物学的美好事物之一就是这一领域的发展依赖于不断的交流。重大问题只能通过全世界研究人员的合作才能找到答案，每个研究小组为解答难题贡献出他们的研究成果，并在他人研究成果的基础上开展更深入的研究。但是要开展这种密切合作也面临着许多挑战，特别是语言问题。如果科学家们说着不同的语言、用不同的语言发表文章，那他们之间怎么去开展合作呢？
At current stage， most molecular biological researches are published in English， as are most international conferencesThe language has become so central because a large number of scientists and research centers that have made important contributions to molecular biology were， and still are， based in England and the United StatesThe predominance of one language is not necessarily fair， but it is a reality that most professionals working in the field must face.
现阶段，大多数分子生物学研究报告用英文发表，大多数国际会议也用英语发言。由于对分子生物学做出过重大贡献的许多科学家和研究中心都在英国和美国，现在也仍然是这些国家在发挥着主导作用，因此英语已经成为首要的语言。一种语言起主导作用不一定是公平的，但这是大多数在这一领域工作的专业人员必须面对的现实。
For Chinese students， learning biology in English can be very exciting， but also quite challenging. Chinese and English are very different languages， with completely different phonetics and writing systemsOn top of this， biology textbooks and articles in English are especially difficult to understand， even for native English speakers. There is a lot of unique vocabularies， and there may be sentence structures particular to scientific writing.
对中国学生来说，用英语学习生物学会是很令人兴奋的，但也会是颇具挑战性的。汉语和英语是很不一样的语言，具有完全不同的语音和语法体系。此外，生物学的英语教材和文章特别难以理解，即使对母语为英语的读者来说也是如此。书中有许多特殊的词汇，还会有一些特殊的科技写作方面的惯用句子结构。
In many cases， Chinese students are presented with a giant textbook only in English and instructors hope for the bestOur experience as teachers of molecular biology in China is that this approach is unrealistic. Most students in China at this time， especially those who are on a course of scientific study， do not have enough training in English to understand textbooks written for native English speakersStruggling with the language often comes at the expense of actually learning the concepts and principles of molecular biology.
许多时候，中国学生拿到手的是一本厚厚的英文教材，教师希望学生从中获得最大的收益。我们在中国讲授分子生物学的体会是：这样的做法是不切合实际的。这一阶段的大多数中国学生，特别是那些还处于科学研究课程学习阶段的学生，并不具备足够的英语能力去理解为母语是英语的读者编写的教材。在语言上的些许进步实际上是以牺牲理解分子生物学概念与原理为代价的。
We have put together this book with the hope of creating a more realistic， more sympathetic， and more specialized approach to learn molecular biology in English. Advanced students can learn by reading the English portion of the book， and refer to the Chinese translation to check their understanding， or for reference on individual words. Beginners in English can learn from the Chinese portion， and refer to the English for an introduction to vocabularies.With both languages present， students and instructors have more options for how to learn!
我们编写此书的目的是想为用英语学习分子生物学提供一种更实际、更让人喜欢和更专业的方法。程度好的学生可以阅读本书的英文部分，并参考中文译文以检查他们的理解情况，或参考个别单词的中文含义。英语程度差一点的学生可以从本书的中文部分学习，并参考英文而开始掌握专业词汇。使用这样的英汉对照教材，在如何学习上学生和教师都可以有更多的选择！
An added feature of this book is that all the English texts have been accompanied by audio files.They are especially helpful for those who intend to improve their listening comprehension of academic EnglishMeanwhile，the elaborately designed figures will enable readers to understand concepts and principles in molecular terms much more easily.
本书的另一个特点是：所有的英语课文都有配套的音频文件。它们对那些希望提高自身专业英语听力水平的人特别有帮助。同时，精心设计的插图能使读者更容易地从分子水平上理解相关的概念与原理。
The book covers the material that we feel an advanced， undergraduate student of molecular biology should knowUnlike many textbooks used for molecular biology， this is not meant as a reference book， a large volume where one can look up any facts about the cellThose kinds of volumes have their use， but we feel that it is unproductive to present students with such piles of informationIf students can master all of the information present even in this relatively brief book， they will already be more informed than most students of the field， and even some professionals!
本书包括的内容是我们认为一个分子生物学高年级本科生应该掌握的。与许多分子生物学教材不同，它不是一本参考书，不是一本让人查阅关于细胞各方面内容的大部头著作。那些大部头著作自然有它们的用武之地，而我们觉得向学生提供这么一大堆信息并不是很有成效的做法。如果学生能掌握这本相对来说比较简单的书中的所有内容，他们就已经是这一领域学生中出类拔萃的了，他们甚至可能比一些专业人员还要强！
It is with great excitement that we invite you to learn molecular biology with us in EnglishThis is an important age for China and the rest of the world!As China becomes every day more prosperous， its research centers and companies are improving and have much to offer scientific communities around the worldAt the same time， the continued development of China depends on the knowledge and skills that have been developed in the West and continue to flourish thereIn molecular biology， there is much to gain if we can share and communicate with each other!
能邀请你与我们一道用英语来学习分子生物学让我们觉得很兴奋。中国和世界的其他国家正处于一个重要的时代！随着中国的日益进步与繁荣，中国的研究中心和公司正在取得更大的进展，它们正在为世界科学共同体提供更多的研究成果。同时，中国的持续发展需要了解西方已经拥有的和即将涌现的知识和技能。在分子生物学领域，如果我们能够共享知识与技能并互相交流，我们就都可以取得更大的成就！
Sincerely，
Sylvain W. Lapan
Yong Wang
October 2007
西尔维恩 W. 勒
潘王勇
谨识
2007年10月
Foreword to the Second Edition
第二版前言
Dear Readers，
With this new edition of An Introduction to Molecular Biology with Chinese Translation we continue our mission that has captivated and motivated us from the beginningFirstly， to convey fundamental concepts of how genetic information is replicated， expressed and modifiedSecondly， to assist Chinese readers in learning words and phrases in the English language used to describe these processesWe have been honored by the positive feedback of students over the past decade， and used these comments to maintain and improve the qualities of this book that students value the most: the native English main text， accurate translation， clear figures and audio files narrated in American English
亲爱的读者：
在新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》中，我们继续努力达成促使与激励我们编写本书的初衷——首先，讲述遗传信息是如何进行复制、表达和改变的基本概念；其次，帮助中国读者学习描述这些生命过程的英语词汇与短语。我们很荣幸在过去十年里收到不少学生对本书的积极反馈，这些反馈表明了学生最关心本书的以下品质：地道的英语课文，准确的中文翻译，清晰的图解以及美式英语音频文件。在新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》中，这些品质都得到了维护与提升。
The past decade has witnessed remarkable advancements in biotechnology — the reduction in cost of DNA sequencing and synthesis， the application of genome engineering techniques such as CRISPR， the use of transposases for generating DNA libraries and profiling chromatin， to name just a fewIn each case， these advances would not have been made if not for basic research into genome structure， stability， and expressionWe have an enormous amount still to gain from the basic study of molecular biology in a variety of organisms， as well as the innovative application of discoveries to solve challenges in biotechnologyIt is our sincere hope that this new edition will advance the goal of introducing Chinese and Englishspeaking students to this exciting field and fostering global collaboration.
过去十年里生物技术领域取得了令人瞩目的成就——DNA测序与合成成本显著降低、CRISPR等基因编辑技术的应用、使用转座酶生成DNA文库及分析染色质等等，不胜枚举。具体到某一方面，所有成就的取得都是建立在对基因组结构与稳定性以及基因表达特性的基础研究之上的。现今，分子生物学基础研究仍有待在许多不同生物中展开，生物技术领域所面临的挑战也需要创造性地应用分子生物学基础研究成果来应对。我们诚挚希望新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》能有助于引导中国学生与英语国家学生进入这一令人兴奋的领域并培养全球合作精神。
Best wishes，
Sylvain W. Lapan
Yong WangJan 2018致以良好祝愿！
西尔维恩·W. 勒潘王勇2018年1月
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